Thrombospondin-1 Levels in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease ()
1. Introduction
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a large matricellular glycoprotein stored preformed in platelet α-granules [1]. TSP-1 is released from platelets on activation that regulates cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions [2] [3] [4]. Expression of TSP-1 in the infarct border zone may limit the expansion of the granulation tissue and protect the non-infarcted myocardium from fibrotic remodeling [5]. TSP-1 down regulation in endothelial cell enhances angiogenesis [6]. TSP-1 inhibits tumor angiogenesis, so decreased tumor diameter and fewer tumor capillaries [7] [8].
TSP-1 also plays a role in inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, limiting blood flow, promoting thrombosis, and decreasing cellular and tissue survival. TSP-1 enhances inflammatory cell adhesion to and transmigration through the vascular endothelium. This, in turn, promotes atherosclerotic plaque formation [9].
Thrombospondin-1 may represent a link between DM and vascular complications [10]. TSP-1 promotes the pathological events associated with diabetic nephropathy such as mesangial cell proliferation and increased extracellular matrix production by mesangial cells [11] [12] [13] [14]. A peptide blocking the activation of transforming growth factor-β by TSP-1 prevents the progression of cardiac fibrosis and improves cardiac function in a rat model, suggesting that TSP-1 plays an important role in the development of diabetics cardiomyopathy [15] [16]. Dysregulated matrix metalloproteinase activity contributes to vasculopathy in diabetes, and here too, TSP1 may play a role as vascular smooth muscle cell matrix metalloproteinase2 (VSMC MMP2) [17] and endothelial cells MMP9 [18] are upregulated by TSP1.
2. Aim of the Work
To investigate serum thrombospondin1 (TSP-1) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) with and without type 2 DM and its relationship (if any) to coronary artery scoring systems.
3. Patients and Methods
3.1. Study Population
This cross sectional observational study comprised 180 patients who underwent coronary angiography for suspected CAD, they were divided according to the presence or absence of CAD and DM into 4 groups; Group I (n = 44 patients) non diabetic subjects without CAD, Group II (n = 40 patients) diabetic patients without CAD, Group III (n = 49 patients) non diabetic patients with CAD and Group IV (n = 47 patients) diabetic patients with CAD. The study was performed prospectively in the period from September 2018 to June 2019 in Menoufia University Hospital Catheterization Laboratory. The study was approved by the appropriate Institutional Review Board and Institutional Ethical Committee for Human Research. All study subjects provided written informed consent regarding the study procedures.
DM was diagnosed according to World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) as fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl (≥7 mmol/L) or 2 hour post prandial blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl (≥11.1 mmol/L), or random blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl and presence of diabetes symptoms, or HbA1c ≥ 6.5 gm/dl [19].
Inclusion criteria: Patients included in the study are those undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography for suspected CAD with one or more of the following:
Typical ischemic chest pain; Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes suggesting CAD; Previous admission to hospital by CAD; Previous cardiac interventions e.g. percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or other investigations suggesting CAD such as positive exercise stress test, positive myocardial perfusion imaging or echocardiographic regional wall motion abnormality suggesting CAD.
Exclusion criteria: Patients with type I DM, more than mild valvular heart disease, congestive heart failure NYHA class III or IV, atrial fibrillation, history of malignancy or autoimmune diseases were excluded from the study.
3.2. The Study Populations Were Subjected to
1) Complete history taking.
2) Thorough clinical evaluation.
3) 12-lead resting ECG.
4) Conventional echocardiographic examination.
5) Coronary angiography.
3.2.1. Conventional Echocardiography
All subjects were examined in the left lateral decubitus position according to the recommendations of the American Society of cardiology [20], Conventional echocardiographic Doppler study was done using Vivid 9, General Electric Healthcare (GE Vingmed, Norway). With the use of the long axis parasternal, apical 4, 5 and 2-chamber views, all patients underwent conventional M mode and 2-D echocardiographic examination. Visual assessment of regional wall motion was performed. End systolic volume, end diastolic volume (by manual tracing of endocardial borders) and ejection fraction of each ventricle was calculated using Simpson’s rule [20]. Assessment of LV mass and LV mass index (LVMI): by using the previous measured parameters, LVM was calculated using the formula that has been proposed by Devereux [21]. Conventional (continuous-wave and color) Doppler valvular flow was determined.
3.2.2. Coronary Angiography
Angiographic analysis: diagnostic coronary angiography was carried out in all patients using Judkins technique. Quantitative analysis of coronary arteries was performed with the computer-assisted coronary angiography analysis system. End-diastolic frames from each arteriogram were selected for analysis. The percentage diameter stenosis was assessed in different projections and the highest value of each lesion was chosen. Images of the coronary tree were obtained with the Seimens set system and reviewed by an experienced cardiologist who had no knowledge of the patients’ biochemical results to assess the extent and severity of CAD.
3.2.3. The Coronary Tree Was Divided into 16 Segments as Follows
The left main coronary artery (LMCA) as one segment, the left anterior descending (LAD) artery was divided into: proximal, mid, distal segments beside two diagonals Dl and D2, the left circumflex (LCX) artery was divided into: proximal, mid, distal segments beside two marginal branches OMl and OM2, the right coronary (RCA) artery was divided into: proximal, mid, distal segments beside posterior descending artery (PDA) and posterolateral branch (PL).
3.2.4. Coronary Angiography Was Scored According to
Vessel score [22]: this is the number of vessels with a significant stenosis (50% or greater reduction in lumen diameter). Scores ranged from 0 to 3, depending on the vessels involved. Left main artery stenosis is scored as single vessel disease [22].
Severity score [23]: the coronary circulation will be divided into eight proximal segments. Disease in the distal segments will be not considered because of difficulty in quantitating the severity of lesions in these areas. The eight proximal segments scored included the left main coronary artery, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) up to the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the vessel, the proximal third of the major diagonal branch of the LAD, the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) up to the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the vessel, the proximal third of the major obtuse marginal branch of the LCX, the right coronary artery (RCA) up to and including the origin of posterior descending artery (PDA), the proximal third of the PDA. In cases in which the PDA was supplied by the LCX (LCX dominance) lesions in the LCX up to the origin of the PDA were included, as were lesions of the RCA up to the origin of the middle and distal third of the vessel. The severity of the proximal coronary disease will be assessed by assigning points to each lesion as follows: less than 50% stenosis of the luminal diameter, (1 point); 50% to 74% stenosis, (2 points); 75% to 99% stenosis, (3 points); total obstruction, (4 points). The points for each lesion in the proximal coronary circulation will be summed and a score for severity of coronary atherosclerosis will be obtained [23].
Gensini’s score [24] [25]: the Gensini score will be calculated for each patient and computed by assigning a severity score to each coronary stenosis according to the degree of luminal narrowing and its importance based on location. More specifically, reductions of 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, 99% and complete occlusion will be given Gensini score of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32, respectively. Each principal vascular segment will be assigned a multiplier in accordance with the functional significance of the myocardial area supplied by that segment, that is, the LM will be assigned the significant multiplier × 5; the proximal segment of the LAD will be given × 2.5; the proximal segment of the LCX will be weighted by a factor of × 2.5; the mid segment of the LAD will be assigned a factor of × 1.5; the RCA, the distal segment of the LAD, mid and distal segment of LCX, the posterior descending artery, and the obtuse marginal artery will be all given × 1; and all other areas will be assigned a factor of × 0.5 [24] [25].
SYNTAX SCORE [26]: was calculated by a computer program consisting of sequential and interactive self-guided questions. The algorithm consists of 12 main questions. The first three questions determine the dominance, the total number of lesions and the vessel segments involved per lesion, the maximum number of lesions allowed is twelve and each lesion is characterized by a number, 1 to 12. The last nine questions refer to adverse lesion characteristics and are repeated for each lesion. The first question is referring to a total occlusion; if a total occlusion is scored, answers should be given to detailed sub-questions. The last of these sub-questions refers to the absence or presence of side branches and their size. If multiple lesions were less than 3 vessel reference diameters apart, these lesions were scored as being one lesion. However, lesions at a greater distance from each other (more than 3 vessel reference diameters), were scored as separate lesions [26].
The total SYNTAX score was derived from the summation of these individual scorings. After the completion of the algorithm a report was automatically generated summarizing all the adverse characteristics and the individual scoring of each lesion as well as the total SYNTAX score [26].
3.3. Laboratory Examination
Blood was sampled on admission to measure blood glucose, HbA1c, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations were determined by enzymatic colorimetric test. LDL cholesterol was estimated by Friedewald’s formula [27]. The glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level indicates the mean blood glucose level during the previous 2 to 3 months.
After an overnight fast, blood samples for TSP-1 were withdrawn at the time of coronary angiography, before administration of contrast agent or medications. Samples were allowed to clot for 2 hours at room temperature before centrifugation for 15 minutes. The supernatant was collected and carried out the assay immediately.
100 μL sample was added to each well and Incubated 90 minutes at 37˚C. Then, 100 μL Biotinylated Detection Ab was added and incubated 1 hour at 37˚C and aspirated and washed 3 times. After that, add 100 μL HRP Conjugate and incubated 30 minutes at 37˚C and aspirated and washed 5 times. Then, 90 μL Substrate Reagent was added and incubated 15 minutes at 37˚C. Then, add 50 μL Stop Solution and Read at 450 nm immediately and calculation of results.
4. Statistical Analysis
Data were fed to the computer and analyzed using IBM SPSS software package version 20.0. (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Qualitative data expressed as number and percentage and analyzed by Chi-square (X2) or Fisher exact test when appropriate.
Comparisons between means were evaluated by unpaired t-test or ANOVA (F) test (with post hoc test) for continuous variables with determination of the least significant difference (LSD) by pair wise comparison between group means, and by chi-square test for proportions. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis was used to assess the association between measured parameters.
Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess in dependent predictors of coronary artery disease among patients using, demographic, clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic variables. Level of significance was set as (P value < 0.05).
5. Results
The study comprised 180 patients who underwent coronary angiography for suspected CAD, they were divided according to the presence or absence of CAD and DM into 4 groups; Group I (n = 44 patients, 21 males and 23 females with mean age 53.91 ± 7.10 years) non diabetic subjects without CAD, Group II (n = 40 patients, 17 males and 23 females with mean age 53.50 ± 7.27 years) diabetic patients without CAD, Group III (n = 49 patients, 45 males and 4 females with mean age 54.96 ± 8.04 years) non diabetic patients with CAD and Group IV (n = 47 patients, 27 males and 20 females with mean age 57.53 ± 6.43 years) diabetic patients with CAD.
Patients in group IV (DM and CAD) were older, had higher BMI and higher prevalence of HTN (P < 0.001). HbA1C TC, TG, LDL as well as hsCRP were significantly higher in group IV compared to other groups (P < 0.001). Serum TSP-1 was significantly higher in group II and group III compared to group I. In group IV, serum TSP-1 was significantly higher than the other 3 groups (P < 0.001) (Table 1). regarding coronary artery scores in patients with CAD (groups III & IV), severity score and vessel score were significantly higher in group IV compared to group III while there was no significant differences between the two groups regarding Syntax score and Gensini score (Table 1).
The smoking rate was significantly higher in group III and IV compared to each of group I and group II. The incidence of hypertension was significantly higher in group IV compared to other groups (higher in patients with DM than that in patients without DM). BMI was significantly higher in group IV compared to other groups. Patients with CAD were older compared to patients without CAD regardless of DM. EF was significantly higher in groups I and II compared to other groups. LV mass index was significantly higher in group I compared to other groups. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was significantly higher in diabetic groups (group II and group IV) in comparison to non-diabetic groups (group I and group III) P < 0.001. hs-CRP was significantly higher in group IV compared to other groups (P < 0.001). Total cholesterol was significantly
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Table 1. Baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics and coronary angiographic scores of studied groups.
BMI, body mass index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high density lipoproteins; LDL, low density lipoproteins; NS, non significant; *: Group I vs other groups, #: Group II vs other groups, Δ: Group III vs other groups.
higher in group IV compared to other groups and in group III in comparison to groups I and II, while triglycerides were significantly higher in all groups compared to group I and in group IV in comparison to group II and III P < 0.001. HDL cholesterol was significantly higher in group I in comparison to other groups, P < 0.001. LDL cholesterol was significantly higher in all groups compared to group I, while it was significantly higher in group IV in comparison to group II and group III and in group III compared to group II, (P < 0.001). Patients with CAD and DM (group IV) had significantly higher severity score and vessel score than those with CAD only (group III) (P< 0.05) (Table 1).
Serum TSP-1 level was significantly higher in all groups compared to group I (non-diabetic subjects without CAD) while was significantly higher in diabetic patients with CAD (group IV) compared to that in diabetic patients without CAD (group II) and non-diabetic patients with CAD (group III). When patients were divided into two groups according to DM, plasma TSP-1 levels were higher in patients with DM than those in patients without DM (582.95 ± 55.70 ng/mL vs 516.91 ± 64.56 ng/ml, P<0.001) (Table 2). When patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of CAD, plasma levels of TSP-1 were higher in patients with CAD than those in patients with non CAD (569.54 ± 68.16 ng/mL vs 525.17 ± 61.77 ng/ml, P < 0.001) (Table 2).
Patients with vessel score 3 had higher serum TSP-1 levels (581.32 ± 61.30) than patients with vessel score 2 (564.97 ± 77.05), the latter group had also higher serum TSP-1 levels than patients with vessel score 1 (550.95 ± 65.72) though the differences among groups were not statistically significant (P-value > 0.05) (Table 3).
Serum TSP-1 showed significant direct correlations with BMI (r = 0.315, P < 0.001), HBA1C (r = 0.570, P < 0.001), hs-CRP (r = 0.493, P < 0.001), TC (r = 0.380, P < 0.001), TG (r = 0.341, P < 0.001) and LDL (r = 0.357, P < 0.001) while it showed significant inverse correlations with HDL (r = −0.335, P < 0.001) and
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Table 2. Statistical comparison between Non diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus, non-coronary artery disease and coronary artery disease groups regarding serum Thrombospondin-1 (TSP–1).
CAD, coronary artery disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; TSP-1, thrombospondin-1.
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Table 3. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP–1) frequencies in different vessel score.
NS, non-significant.
EF (r = −0.157, P = 0.035). There were no significant correlations between serum TSP-1 and all coronary angiography scoring systems (Table 4).
At cutoff value >545 ng\ml serum TSP-1 level demonstrated a diagnostic sensitivity of 91.5%, a diagnostic specificity of 79.6% and accuracy of 85.7% in discriminating the group of diabetes and CAD (group IV) from control group (group I). It also showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 70.8%, a diagnostic specificity of 79.6% and accuracy of 73.6% at cutoff value >545 ng\ml when differentiating between coronary artery disease group (CAD) (groups III & group IV) and control group (group I). Similarly, At cutoff value >545, serum TSP-1 level demonstrated a diagnostic sensitivity of 51.0%, a diagnostic specificity of 79.6% and accuracy (efficacy) of 64.5% in discriminating non-diabetic patients with CAD (group III) from control group (group I) (Table 5).
The diagnostic performance of serum TSP-1 level in prediction of coronary artery disease is more pronounced in presence of diabetes mellitus (AUC = 0.930) with 85.7% accuracy while the least diagnostic performance of serum TSP-1 was detected in absence of diabetes mellitus (AUC = 0.655) with 64.5%
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Table 4. Correlations between serum TSP-1 and other variables.
r: Pearson coefficient; *: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05; BMI, body mass index; EF, ejection fraction; HBA1C, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high density lipoproteins; hs-CRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL, low density lipoproteins, TSP-1, thrombospondin-1.
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Table 5. Diagnostic performance of serum Thrombospondin-1 (TSP–1) (ng/mL) between different studied groups.
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Table 6. Univariate and multivariate analysis of predictors of coronary artery diseases in studied populations.
OR: Odd’s ratio, C.I: Confidence interval, #: All variables with P < 0.05 was included in the multivariate. *: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05.
accuracy (Table 5).
Logistic Regression Analysis
A simple logistic regression analysis was done for different variables for prediction of CAD and it revealed that smoking [OR 2.760, CI (1.251 - 6089), P < 0.05], BMI [OR 1.437, CI (1.205 - 1.714), P < 0.001], HDL-C [OR 0.440, CI (0.327 - 0.591), P < 0.001], LDL-C [OR 1.211, CI (1.081 - 1.358), P < 0.001], HbA1c [OR 9.112, CI (3.182 - 26.092), P < 0.001], TSP-1 [OR 1.016, CI (1.010 - 1.023), P < 0.001] were independent predictors of CAD. Simple logistic regression analysis variables with a P < 0.05 were entered into a multivariate logistic model and the analysis revealed that LDL-C [OR 1.218, CI (1.018 - 1.456), P < 0.05) was significantly independent predictor of CAD (Table 6).
6. Discussion
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) plays pivotal role in atherogenesis. The expression of TSP-1 has been demonstrated to increase in VSMC in human atherosclerotic lesions [28], which may contribute to inflammation and atherogenesis. Hypoxia induces the migration of the coronary artery SMCs, which is elicited by TSP-1 [29] [30]. An additional study identified that TSP-1 modulates smooth muscle cell migration, which may accelerate atherosclerotic lesion development [31]. TSP-1 infiltrates into nascent atherosclerotic plaques and promotes atherogenesis through binding of thrombospondin-1 to human plasma lipoprotein mainly very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) [32] [33].
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation are key events in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. VSMCs from patients with diabetes exhibit increased proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Stimulating VSMCs through increased levels of TSP-1 in the diabetic vessel wall may explain the enhanced proliferation of VSMCs [34] [35].
Few studies of the effect of TSP-1 on CAD have been performed in humans. McGillicuddy et al. [36] showed that fluvastatin decreases TSP-1 expression and abolishes the ability of transforming growth factor-β1 to induce TSP-1 expression in cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Recent studies have linked the TSP family, including TSP-1, to the development of atherosclerosis at the genetic level [37] [38] [39].
The present study was designed to evaluate serum levels of Thrombospondin-1 and in patients as regards presence and/or absence of coronary artery disease and type 2 DM and show a link between human plasma TSP-1 concentrations and CAD in patients with or without DM.
To the best of our knowledge there are just few studies in the literature that focused on measurement of the level of thrombospondin-1 in patients with CAD and DM and studied its relationship to CAD severity scoring systems.
In our study, there were highly significant difference between all studied groups as regarding serum Thrombospondin-1 levels , highly statistical difference was present between patients with CAD (Groups III & IV) and those without CAD (Groups I & II) and highly statistical difference was present between patients with DM (Groups II & IV) and those without DM (Groups I & III), this means that there is a direct relation between serum TSP-1 levels and coronary atherosclerosis and increase more in presence of diabetes with CAD.
In our study, serum TSP-1 level was significantly higher in CAD patients compared to healthy control individuals, also TSP-1 levels were found to be highly significant when diabetic CAD patients were compared to non-diabetic CAD patients. We found that plasma TSP-1 levels were higher in diabetic mellitus with coronary artery disease patients than those in other patients. In agreement with our study, the study by Kyu-Young Choi et al. [40] reported that the plasma TSP-1 concentration was higher in diabetic patients with CAD patients compared to other patients.
Several mechanisms have been suggested for the effect of higher plasma TSP-1 level on atherosclerosis in patients with DM [41]. First, dysfunction of endothelial cells (ECs) in patients with DM is well known [42] and TSP-1 certainly contributes to this dysfunction because of its antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on ECs [43] [44]. Second, although TSP-1 in diabetic vessels may affect metabolism of the luminal EC monolayer and VSMCs, the large amounts of TSP-1 present in the adventitia ultimately results in compromised growth and remodeling of the vasa vasorum, this may lead to ischemic conditions in the inner layers of the vessel wall, and such oxygen stress could stimulate VSMC proliferation and initiate atherosclerotic lesions [41]. Third, TSP1 activates latent transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) [45] [46] which promotes diabetic-associated atherosclerotic plaque formation [47].
7. Study Limitations
First, the medications for the patients were not standardized before randomization; they were on different types and doses of medications for CAD and diabetes that may have a potential effect on the inflammatory process and levels of TSP-1. Second, the study lacked a large validation population. Further prospective studies are thus needed to confirm our results.
8. Conclusion
Plasma TSP-1 level is increased in patients with CAD with and without type 2 DM. TSP-1 is considered an independent predictor for CAD though the diagnostic performance of serum TSP-1 level in prediction of CAD is more pronounced in the presence of type 2 DM.