Evaluation of Sub Clinical Myocardial Systolic Dysfunction Using 2D Global Longitudinal Strain Assessment in Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Sub-Saharan Africa ()
1. Introduction
Type 2 diabetes is the pathology susceptible to lead to multi organ dysfunction including the heart failure (HF) [1]. Ischemic cardiopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy and cardiac autonomic neuropathy are the three pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to cardiac complications in diabetes [2]. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is defined as the occurrence of ventricular dysfunction in a diabetic patient and in the absence of coronary atherosclerosis or hypertension [3]. Underlying mechanisms include: altered coronary micro circulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and lipotoxicity [4] [5]. All these complications can lead to left ventricular systolic dysfunction in diabetic patients, which is found in 18% of these patients [6].
Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography is the leading non-invasive method used routinely for cardiac imaging. However, it cannot detect early ventricular abnormalities, especially when there are no left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities and no reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction. During recent years, speckle tracking echocardiography has been used to assess the global longitudinal strain (GLS) of left ventricle, to detect subclinical systolic dysfunction. Furthermore, impaired GLS is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular events like myocardial infarction, heart failure hospitalisations, stroke and cardiovascular mortality [7]. In addition, LV longitudinal myocardial systolic dysfunction has been shown to be the first marker of a preclinical form of diabetic cardiomyopathy in diabetic patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) without overt HF [8]. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated to impaired LV GLS in a population of diabetic patients from a low-income country where speckle tracking echocardiography is not routinely available.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
We conducted a cross sectional study over a period of 6 months (January 2019 to June 2019) at Yaoundé Central Hospital, based on a consecutive sampling, included patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and a preserved LVEF who came for outpatient consultation. Informed consent was obtained before inclusion and patients with heart failure, important mitral or aortic valvulopathy, uncontrolled hypertension, atrial fibrillation, or flutter, congenital cardiopathy, anaemia or thyroid dysfunction were excluded from the study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional review board of the faculty of medicine and biomedical sciences of the University of Yaoundé and administrative authorization from the hospital’s directors.
2.2. Clinical Data
Clinical assessment on admission included sociodemographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, and global cardiovascular risk assessment based on the WHO/ISH cardiovascular risk prediction charts for AFR D zone [9].
2.3. Echocardiography
A resting transthoracic echocardiography was carried out using an echocardiogram of brand Philips IE 33. We measured the size of the left ventricle and wall thickness in TM mode during diastole and systole using the parasternal long axis view. This enabled us to calculate the left ventricular mass. LVEF was measured using biplane disc summation method (modified Simpson’s rule) obtained from apical views [10]. Diastolic dysfunction was defined as the presence of at least 50% of these criteria: 1) E/E’ > 14; 2) septal E’ velocity < 7 cm/s or Lateral E’ velocity < 10 cm/s; 3) peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity > 2.8 m/s; 4) indexed left atrial volume > 34 ml/m2 [11]. LVGLS was assessed using speckle tracking technique by evaluating the displacement of the endocardial border, epicardial border and myocardial midline on a 2D image [12]. From data of previous literature, we defined Normal LV GLS as ≤ −16% [13].
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Data were collected using a predesigned structured form and entered in a data entry application conceived in CsPro 7.3. Analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Version 25. Continuous variable was described using mean ± standard deviation for normally distributed variables and Median [interquartile range] for the other quantitative parameters, while qualitative data were described with frequency and percentage. Comparisons between patient with impaired LV GLS and those with normal LV GLS were performed with t tests for normally distributed continuous variables, U MannWhitney test for non-normally distributed variables, and Chi square tests for categorical variables. Independently associated factors were identified using a multivariate logistic regression analysis including all significantly associated factors on bivariate analysis. Probability values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Study Population
A total of 95 participants with a mean age of 57.4 ± 11.8 years were included. Females represent 62.1% and hypertension was the leading cardiovascular risk factor found in 56.8%. Table 1 summarise other characteristics of the study population.
3.2. Prevalence of LV GLS Impairment and Associated Factors
As shown in Table 2, 43.2% (95% CI: 32.6 - 53.7) of DM patients with preserved LVEF had LV GLS impairment. The mean LV GLS and LVEF were respectively −17.1% ± 3.2% and 63.3% ± 6.6%. Diastolic dysfunction was found in 49 (51.6%) patients.
Obesity and hypertension were more frequent in the group with impaired LV GLS compared to the group with normal LV GLS, with respectively 53.7% and 22.2% of participants for obesity (p = 0.002), and 70.7% and 46.3% for hypertension (p = 0.017). Diastolic dysfunction was also significantly associated to LV GLS impairment (OR: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.4 - 7.9). Patients with impaired LV GLS had a longer duration of DM compare to those with normal LV GLS (p = 0.047), the median values (IQR) of this duration were respectively 9 (3 - 15) years and 5 (1 - 10) years. After multivariate analysis, obesity (aOR: 4; 95% CI: 1.5 - 10.6) and diastolic dysfunction (aOR: 3.1; 95% CI: 1.2 - 8.2) were independently associated to LV GLS impairment, as shown in Table 3.
4. Discussion
The mean age of the participants was 57.4 ± 11.8 years. Apart from diabetes and obesity, other risk factors present were hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Because of these, more than half of our sample had at least a moderate global cardiovascular risk. The association type 2 diabetes and hypertension were found in 56.8%
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Table 1. Characteristics of the study population.
DM: Diabetes mellitus.
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Table 2. Echocardiographic characteristics of the study population.
cLVH: concentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy; LV: Left Ventricular; GLS: Global Longitudinal Strain; LVEF: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.
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Table 3. Factors associated with impaired LV GLS.
*(Median [IQR]); £Adjusted for age, obesity, hypertension, DM duration, diastolic dysfunction, NA: Not applicable.
of our study participants. A high prevalence of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes has been described in many studies, with a prevalence 2 to 3 times greater than in the general population [14]. This association significantly increases the cardiovascular risk through a synergistic effect, multiplying the risk by 4 in women and by 2 in men [15] [16].
A low proportion of our patients had left atrial dilation (5.3%), with a mean indexed left atrial volume of 21.6 ± 6.4 ml/m2. Type 2 diabetes is not recognized as a risk factor for left atrial dilation since many studies failed to find an association between these two variables [17] [18]. We found left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in 51.6% of our participants. Diastolic dysfunction is a risk factor of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction [19] [20]. this occurs due to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome which induce left ventricular remodelling and lead to diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diastolic dysfunction is highly associated with type 2 diabetes reaching proportions up to 60% compared to 16% in the general population [21].
Fourthy-three patients (43.2%) had a subclinical left ventricular myocardial dysfunction by alteration of the GLS. Ng et al. found a quasi-similar proportion of 44.8% in a similar study [22]. Wang et al. found a proportion of altered GLS of 50% in a similar study in patients with type 2 diabetes and preserved ejection fraction [23]. This finding can be explained by many underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms such as lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity, glycation of proteins, and altered coronary microcirculation [24] [25]. An altered GLS is also known to be an independent predictive factor of adverse cardiovascular events such as heart failure [22] [23] [26].
Obesity was significantly associated with LV GLS impairment. Conte et al. had the same conclusion after observing a significant difference in the mean GLS between obese and non-obese individuals [27]. This association is thought to result from insulin resistance and myocardial steatosis, leading to lipotoxicity and neuro endocrine system activation [24] [27].
Study Limitations
The cross-sectional design used does not enable us to describe the natural history and onset of the sub clinical myocardial dysfunction in our sample. The possible existence of asymptomatic and silent coronary diseases can be a confounding factor in our study.
5. Conclusion
The evaluation the left ventricular contractile function by assessing the Global Longitudinal Strain using 2D speckle tracking echocardiography is important to identify subclinical changes in myocardial function. An important proportion (43%) of the participants in our study—type 2 diabetes patients with preserved ejection fraction—had an impaired LV GLS. Factors independently associated with abnormal myocardial function are obesity and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Further research is needed in our context to find additional factors associated with subclinical impaired left ventricular function. We also need to determine the short- and long-term prognosis of these patients and identify therapeutic measures to improve patient outcomes.
Authors’ Contribution
APM: Concept/design, Data analysis/interpretation, Critical revision of article, Approval of article;
CNNG: Concept/design, Data analysis/interpretation, Drafting article, Critical revision of article, Approval of article;
LV: Data collection, data analysis/interpretation, critical revision of article, approval of article;
AJA: Data collection, data analysis/interpretation, critical revision of article, Approval of article;
GSW: Statistics, drafting article, critical revision of article, Approval of article;
DPTN: Statistics, drafting article, critical revision of article, Approval of article;
FN: Data collection, critical revision of article, Approval of article;
HB: Critical revision of article, Approval of article;
SK: Concept/design, Critical revision of article, Approval of article.