Investigation and Analysis of Catheter-Associated Skin Impairment in PICC’s Patients in Jingzhou City ()
1. Introduction
At present, there is no uniform definition of CASI. Broadhurst et al., based on Medical Adhesive Skin Iesion (MARSI), and Catheter-associated Skin Impairment (CASI), refer to various skin abnormalities, including pus, red patches, erosion, or tearing, occurring in the PICC Catheter site and surrounding skin [1]. CASI mainly includes contact dermatitis, mechanical injury, puncture point exudation, local infection and pressure injury [1]. In domestic studies, there are few studies on CASI, and medical workers pay more attention to contact dermatitis, MARSI and exudation at the puncture site of PICC implantation [2] [3]. Therefore, taking CASI as the starting point, this study made a self-made survey tool for PICC Catheter-associated Skin Impairment, investigated the current situation of CASI occurrence in PICC’s patients in some hospitals at all levels in Jingzhou city, and discussed the risk factors for PICC Catheter-associated Skin Impairment.
2. Objects and Methods
2.1. Research Objects
A self-made CASI status questionnaire was used from June 2019 to July 2020, and the samples were randomly selected CASI occurred in 173 patients with PICC in some hospitals at all levels in Jingzhou City. Inclusion criteria: PICC’s patients have been carried out; Age ≥ 18 years old; The patient has no cognitive, verbal or intellectual dysfunction; Patients who volunteered to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria: Congenital or pre-existing skin diseases; Patients with skin allergy. 173 patients were included in this study, including head and neck tumor (nasopharyngeal carcinoma in 10 cases; 3 cases of laryngeal cancer); Thoracic tumors (8 cases of esophageal cancer; Lung cancer in 27 cases); 40 cases of breast cancer; Abdominal tumor (gastric cancer in 10 cases; Three cases of liver cancer; One case of colon cancer; 11 cases of rectal cancer; 7 cases of pancreatic cancer); Female reproductive system tumors (cervical cancer: 3 cases; 13 cases of ovarian malignant tumor; 4 cases of fallopian tube malignant tumor; Endometrial carcinoma (3 cases); Hemolytic lymphatic system tumors (leukaemia: 11 cases; 3 cases of bone marrow carcinoma; Lymphoma was found in 6 patients. Severe aplastic anemia: 1 case); Tumor of central nervous system (7 cases of intracranial tumor).
2.2. Research Methods
2.2.1. Research Tools
The “CASI questionnaire” was designed by myself by referring to literature and combining with clinical experience, and then Delphi was conducted in this study, 3 rounds of expert consultation were conducted, and 11 experts participated in the consultation process. Their professional directions include nursing management, nursing research, nursing education and clinical nursing. Finally, a questionnaire was formed after expert consultation for data collection. The questionnaire is mainly divided into four parts: general information (gender, education background, age, BMI, smoking history and drinking history); The patient’s disease information; PICC and maintenance information; CASI information (type of occurrence).
2.2.2. Survey Methods
Three weeks before the study, the investigators were trained on CASI knowledge and precautions. The general data of the questionnaire, disease data, PICC and Maintenance data section were obtained and recorded by inquiring or consulting the inpatient medical records of the study subjects, catheter data and catheter maintenance manual. The data of CASI were based on the abnormal conditions of the local skin of the PICC’s patients, and the investigators determined the type of CASI occurrence according to the relevant training knowledge, and filled in the specific time of occurrence.
2.3. Statistical Treatment
SPSS19.0 statistical software was used for data analysis and processing, and descriptive analysis was conducted for counting data frequency, percentage, measurement data mean and standard deviation. Input all CASI data and related information into SPSS19.0, and statistically describe and analyze the occurrence of all types of CASI. Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square test was used to analyze the influencing factors of CASI, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square test (P < 0.05) were then included in the Logistic regression model for unordered multiple classification Logistic regression analysis, and P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant difference.
3. The Results
1) Occurrence of CASI, a total of 173 cases of CASI were included in this study, among which local infection, puncture site exudation, mechanical injury and contact dermatitis occurred in sequence. See Table 1 for details.
2) Influence factor analysis of CASI in PICC’s patients through single factor analysis of different observation items. The results showed that the duration of the catheter, age, basic diseases, wet and sweaty skin, PICC maintenance as required, hospital grade maintenance and chemotherapy intermission were statistically significant are shown in Table 2.
3) Patients with PICC CASI more disorderly classification to the single factor
Logistic regression analysis, chi-square analysis was statistically significant with tube time, age, basic diseases, skin is damp sweat, if according to the provisions of PICC maintenance, maintenance level of hospital and whether in intermittent chemotherapy period more than seven influencing factors into the disorderly
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Table 1. CASI incidence in 173 patients with PICC.
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Table 2. Single factor analysis of CASI in PICC’s patients.
classification Logistic regression analysis, the independent variable assignment are shown in Table 3. With exudation at the puncture site as the reference group, the results showed that PICC’s patients with catheter duration of 150 - 199 days, diabetes, moist and sweaty skin, and intermittent chemotherapy were more likely to have local infection of CASI (OR > 1.0, P < 0.05). PICC’s patients with moist and sweaty skin and intermittent chemotherapy were more likely to develop contact dermatitis with CASI (OR > 1.0, P < 0.05). Compared with patients aged 70 - 79
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Table 3. Assignment methods of independent variables.
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Table 4. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of CASI influencing factors.
years, patients aged 18 - 69 years were less likely to develop local infection of CASI, OR < 1.0, P < 0.05, and patients aged 70 - 79 years were more likely to develop local infection of CASI. As shown in Table 4.
4. Discuss
In this study, there were 173 cases of CASI, including 56.1% (97/173) of local infection, 16.8% (29/173) of exudation at the puncture site, 21.4% (37/173) of irritant dermatitis, 4.6% (8/173) of allergic dermatitis, and 1.2% (2/173) of tension injury. Among them, local infection accounted for the largest proportion in CASI type, and mechanical injury was relatively rare. Ullman et al. [4] reported that in CASI with 10,859 vascular pathways (PICC, CVC, Port, etc.), local infection or mechanical injury was relatively rare. The differences in these data may be related to our research methods, sample size and the particularity of the population. Therefore, the prevalence of CASI varies from care unit to care unit and from population to population, and the care of CASI is very important.
CASI related risk factors of PICC’s patients in this study, disordered multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that PICC’s patients were more likely to have CASI if they were aged, long catheter time, had diabetes, had moist and sweaty skin and had intermittent chemotherapy. 1) Age: The skin of the elderly is loose and thin, atrophic, and the moisturizing function declines, and the skin barrier function will weaken [5]; At the same time, elderly patients will appear aging and aging caused by self-care ability limited, cognitive dysfunction and other problems [6], leading to poor compliance with catheter maintenance, poor mastery of health education knowledge, and poor ability of self-management in home maintenance, etc. [7]. Some elderly patients are prone to malnutrition, resulting in the skin blood supply and nutritional status of patients affected, skin resistance decreased. Therefore, elderly patients are more likely to develop CASI. 2) Diabetes: Skin lesions are one of the most common complications of diabetes, and 33% - 91% of diabetic patients will have one or more skin lesions [8]. Surgical wounds will be formed after PICC [1], and such exogenous wounds will cause skin injuries [9] [10]. At the same time, the epidermal thickness of diabetic patients was thinner, the epidermal layer was significantly reduced, the inflammatory mediators in local tissues were abnormally increased, and the biological behavior of epidermal keratinocytes was changed [11], making PICC’s patients more prone to CASI. 3) Sweat: The skin is covered by a film for a long time, and the skin sweat accumulates and is not volatile under the fixation of the dressing [12]. In addition, the ordinary transparent dressing cannot remove the sweat, so the patient’s skin chafes against the clothes, and the dressing tends to be moist, hemmed and sweaty, leading to an increased probability of skin allergy or skin reaction [13]. Seasonal changes affect the number of colonizing bacteria on the skin surface. Moist skin, higher oil content and higher temperature will lead to more colonizing bacteria on the skin surface [14]. In summer, patients’ easy sweating will also cause CASI in PICC’s patients. 4) Interval of chemotherapy: Zheng Yan [15] et al. conducted a study on family function and self-management of PICC’s patients in Xinjiang during the interval of chemotherapy, and 31.88% of patients had poor self-management ability of PICC. 40.58% of those with medium level; 27.54% of the respondents were the better ones [15], the main reasons are as follows: catheter maintenance and inconvenience in surrounding towns and rural areas; The cause of the patient’s illness, the length of the illness, the suffering of the disease [15]; The increase of economic burden, coupled with the deterioration of family functions [15] [16]; It reduces the catheter maintenance compliance of PICC’s patients and increases the incidence of CASI in PICC’s patients. 5) The tube time: When PICC catheter is inserted and surgical wounds are formed, fibrin sheath will surround them and a fibrous membrane will be formed, thus becoming a good parasitic site for microorganisms and not susceptible to the effects of host phagocytes and antibiotics [17] Skin colonized microorganisms migrate along the ducts and the patient may be at risk of local or systemic infection [18]. Therefore, the longer the PICC indwelling time, the higher the bacterial colonization rate of the catheter [14]. PICC retention time also affects CASI.
5. Summary
In summary, according to the age, diabetes, sweat, chemotherapy interval and catheter duration in PICC’s patients in this study, CASI risk factors should be prevented, effective measures should be taken to improve the CASI related management system for nursing care, so as to reduce the incidence of CASI. Limitations of this study: The sample size was single and small, which could not completely represent the group of PICC’s patients. This study is a descriptive study and only provides an objective description of the occurrence of CASI. In the future, a cohort study can be conducted in a more representative large sample population to investigate whether CASI has occurred or not, and to analyze and discuss influencing factors of CASI.