An Optimized Parameter of Hydrogel for a Seven-Day Release of a Drug ()
1. Introduction
Conventionally, drugs are administrated orally or intravenously in multiple doses at particular frequency to attain the desired therapeutic concentration of drug in plasma and maintain it for the entire duration of treatment. However, the dosing interval is much shorter than the half-life of a drug, resulting in limitations such as poor patient compliance, potential increased toxicity due to peak plasma concentration and fluctuating drug level. It is even more challenging in treating infections in relatively less vascular tissues (e.g., bones) and avascular tissues (e.g., cartilages) because of the limited penetration of antibiotics into the target sites. Generally, treatment of those infections required prolonged and extensive course of oral or intravenous antibiotics, which can induce bacterial resistance and have lethal side effects. To overcome the limitations of conventional dosage form and increase the safety and efficiency of drug release, controlled drug delivery systems have been investigated extensively in the past few decades [1] [2] [3] [4]. They are designed to deliver the drugs at predetermined rate for a pre-programmed period.
Various controlled drug release systems have been developed including nanoparticles [5] [6], liposomes, synthetic, natural polymers [7] [8] and so on [9] [10] [11] [12]. But among these, hydrogels are especially promising platforms for several reasons. First, since hydrogel mainly consists of large amount of water, this characteristic gives hydrogel excellent biocompatibility and the capacity of encapsulating hydrophilic drugs [13] - [18]. In the meanwhile, the network structure enables them to have various mechanical properties including stiffness. Moreover, due to its required condition, which is aqueous solutions, the risk of the drug denaturation and aggregation upon exposure to organic solvents is minimized [19] [20]. Hydrogel nanoparticles prove to be a promising material to carry anti-tumor drugs [21]. Falb, B et al. conduct research on of paracetamol in a chitosan hydrogel [22].
An important piece in designing hydrogel materials for controlled drug delivery is to figure out how the structure and property of hydrogel will affect its drug release profile. Herein, in order to find the correct design parameters to match the drug release profile, we simulated the release kinetics of vancomycin in a hydrogel by MATLAB and found the optimized parameter to guide the rational design of hydrogels for controlled drug delivery. Vancomycin is an antibacterial drug used for penicillin-allergic patients or severe infection caused by susceptible strains of methicillin-resistant (β-lactam resistant) staphylococci. However, it is poorly absorbed by oral administration [23].
2. Simulating Details and Codes
Using MATLAB code, we create a program to simulate the process of drug diffusion in hydrogel. Fick’s first law plays an important role in this program since it helps to formulate the release process. The release process is shown in Figure 1.
As can be seen in Figure 2, it shows the program. Line 29 depicts the concentration change in the ith slice obtained from Fick’s second law. Fick’s second law of diffusion describes the rate of accumulation (or depletion) of concentration within the volume as proportional to the local curvature of the concentration gradient. The local rule for accumulation is given by Fick’s second law of diffusion in Equation (1).
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Figure 1. Simulated image of vancomycin diffusion in bio-fluid solution.
(1)
In the simulation program, we first defined five variables: L, the wall thickness which is 0.1; n, represents the number of simulation nodes, is 20. To Solve this differential equation requires determining the initial boundary conditions, here is the surface concentration of C1 and C2. We simply assumed that the initial concentration is 30 mol/dm−3 and both the surface concentration of C1 and C2 are 0. We took the system and divided it into 20 finite control volumes with different nodes. The node in the idle of that is known as we and the left one is i − 1 and the right one is i + 1 and at every time point we recorded the change in the concentration. Therefore, the next starting concentration will be the initial concentration plus the change in concentration.
The for loop (line 27-line 30) in the code indicates the calculation of concentration of the solvent at each time point. For i in range (1, Nx), the concentration is u[i] = u_1[i] + F * [(u_1[i − 1] − u_1[i] − (u_1[i] − u_1[i + 1])]. Hence, I could calculate the end concentration and thus figured out the end concentration of the system. Since the left end node does not have the same concentration as the right ones, the calculation of that will be derived from the second left end of node.
Through running the code, we could get the diffusion rate against time, and thus plot the diagram for each hydrogel and utilize the diffusion coefficient of vancomycin which is 4.8 × 10−8.
3. Results and Discussion
Based on my research before designing the simulation program, we first find out the therapeutic window of a particular medicine vancomycin. The therapeutic window is 0.5 so we have to compare the diffusion coefficient of several types of hydrogel and make it bigger than 0.5. we selected four diffusion coefficients which each are smaller than the previous ones, the first one is Agar gel in selfish poison with the diffusion coefficient 0.48 × 10−5 and rt/r0 is smaller than 0.5 so it is not an appropriate diffusion coefficient which is also corresponding to the therapeutic window of vancomycin.
Based on this result that the hydrogel diffused in a relatively quick period, we decided to decrease the diffusion coefficient to make the value bigger. Eventually, we found that when D equals to 4 × 10−11, the value is greater than 0.5 which is 0.531. It means for all the medicines which have diffusion coefficient smaller than 4 × 10−11 are all suitable for this experiment in Table 1.
In Figure 3, because the first trial was with the diffusion coefficient of 4.45 × 10−8 which is too big for the diffusion of the medicine. As a result, the concentration of the medicine reached 0 at approximately 100,000 seconds which is too fast to reach our goal. Therefore, we made some adjustments and selected several diffusion coefficients smaller than that and thus generated other three Figures 4-6 by using 1 × 10−10, 5 × 10−11 and 4 × 10−11. In conclusion, we figured out that: smaller the D is, the longer the diffusion time is and the higher value of Rt/R0 will be. Finally, we found that when d is equal to 4 × 10−11, the time is compliance with our requirements which means the concentration of the medicine vancomycin could be sustained in the therapeutic window. Since hydrogel mainly consists of large amount of water, this characteristic gives hydrogel excellent biocompatibility and the capacity of encapsulating hydrophilic drugs. Moreover, due to its required condition, which is aqueous solutions, the risk of the drug denaturation and aggregation upon exposure to organic solvents is minimized.
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Figure 3. Diagram plotted by using the diffusion coefficient of 4.45 × 10−8.
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Figure 4. Diagram plotted by using the diffusion coefficient of 1.0 × 10−10.
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Figure 5. Diagram plotted by using the diffusion coefficient of 5.0 × 10−11.
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Figure 6. Diagram plotted by using the diffusion coefficient of 4.0 × 10−11.
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Table 1. Coefficient of diffusion and release rate.
4. Conclusion
Through using computer to simulate the model, we successfully reach the conclusion that the diffusion coefficient at approximately 4.00E−11 could ensure medicine to diffuse around 7 days and maintain its effects. The significance of this research is to serve as a model to investigate other antibiotics; guide the rational design of hydrogel materials for controlled drug release.