How to Gamify Online Business: A Case Study Based on “SMART” Model ()
1. Introduction
In the coronavirus epidemic today, the importance of online business is increasingly highlighted (Ahani & Nilashi, 2020). How to engage people in online commerce has become a key issue (Tatoglu et al., 2020). Parallel to the development of online businesses, gamification is more and more widely used in business (Werbach, 2014; Robson et al., 2015), as it can arouse positive affective and serve as a force that inspires people’s inner potential (Seaborn & Fels, 2015). Specifically, in business context, gamification can be used to increase the customer engagement (Harwood & Garry, 2015), brand loyalty (Yang et al., 2017) and advertisement effectiveness (Hamari & Koivisto, 2015). According to the report from Gartner (2016), gamification was adopted by 70% of the world’s largest companies in 2015, which drove 50% of the innovation. Though gamification has been widely used, the fact is that not all endeavors have been successful. Gartner (2012) pointed out that 80% of the companies that use gamification have failed in their attempts. This is mainly due to a lack of systematic understanding and effective use of gamification (Robson et al., 2015).
As the motivation affordance, game design features are the core part of gamified business (Mekler et al., 2017). In the existing literature, there are different models to categorize gamification features such as MDM, DMC, DME, etc. (Blohm & Leimeister, 2013; Werbach & Hunter, 2015; Robson et al., 2015). However, the elements summarized in these models are all proposed based on the early research of gamification. With the development of the application of gamification, the core elements of gamification are expanding. In addition, none of the existing models are specific to online commerce (Fu et al., 2020; Tung et al., 2019). Therefore, gamification model of online business needs to be further improved.
Thus, this study intends to fill out the gaps mentioned above by analyzing five categories of gamification features based on the case study of Xian-Yu that represents a successful gamified online trading platform in China. The next section covers the literature review related to the concept of gamification and gamification features. In the third section, we put forward a new gamification feature model called SMART (S—Story; M—Mechanics; A—Aesthetics; R—Relation; T—Technology) model. In the fourth section, we use the case study of Xian-Yu platform to explain how SMART model gamifies online business. The last section makes a conclusion of this study and points out the theoretical contributions and practical implications.
2. Key Concept and Literature Review
2.1. Concept of Gamification
The word gamification first appeared in Brett Terrill’s blog and was described as “applying game mechanics to web portals to increase user involvement.” Later, many scholars supplement and develop the concept of gamification from their own research direction (Koivisto & Hamari, 2019; Xu et al., 2017; Deterding et al., 2011). One of the most representative and widely accepted views is the experience of using game elements in non-game context (Huotari & Hamari, 2017).
The experiences created by game features refer e.g. to senses of enjoyment, flow, autonomy, mastery, accomplishment, etc., that are considered to be induced by games and gameplay (e.g. Ryan & Deci, 2008). The application of gamification features to non-game contexts has been practiced in many areas (e.g., business, education, etc.) and has been shown to have a positive impact. Game features have the ability to engage and excite, and when playing games, people commonly experience e.g. mastery, competence, enjoyment, immersion, or flow (Huotari & Hamari, 2017). Robson et al. (2016) points out that “Gamified” experiences can focus on business processes (e.g., customer acquisition). Therefore, marketing departments can gamify their business activities to increase consumers’ engagement by rewarding success and providing motivation.
2.2. Prior Research on Gamification Elements
Gamification features play very important roles in the successfulness of gamification design. At present, motivation-based theories are the most important theoretical foundation for gamification design which include intrinsic and extrinsic motivational theory, user-centered design theory, work design theory and so on. These theories are trying to explain how gamification motivates users to participate (Ryan & Deci, 2006; Locke & Latham, 2004). Table 1 shows the gamification models from the existing literature. According to intrinsic and extrinsic motivational theories, Blohm & Leimeister (2013) point out that gamification design is composed of Mechanics, Dynamics, and Motivation. According to user-centered design theory and work design theory, Werbach & Hunter (2015)
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Table 1. Typical framework of gamification elements.
Sources: Literature reviews.
proposed the DMC (Dynamics, Mechanics, and Components) models of gamification elements. These three elements constitute the hierarchical structure for the design of gamification. The MDE model is also established according to the theory of work design (Robson et al., 2015). It considers the relationship among players, designers, observers and spectators (Robson et al., 2016). Based on business’s ecosystem, Hofacker et al. (2016) constructed a quadrivalent-element SAMT model that includes the Story, Aesthetics, Mechanics, and Technology.
In addition to the above models, based on self-determination theory and goal setting theory (Ryan & Deci, 2006; Locke & Latham, 2004), elements such as points, badges, rewards, rankings, levels and reputation are emphasized and applied in gamification design in order to awaken people’s competent, autonomous, and relational motivation (Scheiner et al., 2017). Therefore, these elements can be considered as important visualization and virtual community elements in gamification design (Sailer et al., 2017).
The existing research results provide very valuable references for the subsequent construction of gamification elements. However, there is no consensus on the classification of gamification elements. In specific research situations and perspectives, new gamification element models can be constructed.
3. Gamification Features from the Lens of User Engagement: SMART Model
Gamification features are a key factor that affects user participation motivation and further determines the success of the gamified system (Huotari & Hamari, 2017; Bharamgoudar et al., 2016). Therefore, it is suitable to construct gamification model from the perspective of user motivation. According to self-determination theory, user engagement motivation can be divided into utilitarian motivation, hedonism motivation, and social motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2006). In this paper, we construct a new gamification feature model based on these three motivations. On the foundation of the latest and most comprehensive SMAT model (Hofacker et al., 2016) and with the combination of the MDM model (Blohm & Leimeister, 2013), DMC model (Werbach & Hunter, 2015) and MDE framework (Robson et al., 2015), a SMART model (see Figure 1) is proposed. It highlights every element for each feature and each feature relates to each motivation. SMART model depicts the process of applying the gamification system from five dimensions, including S—Story, M—Mechanics, A—Aesthetics, R—Relation, and T—Technology.
3.1. Story
The story involves five elements, which including task context, mental imagery, convergent process, empathy, and action guide. According to hedonism motivation, a proper description of background and meaning of the task can help people understand the objective of the task and thus enjoy the process of doing it more (Green & Brock, 2000). What’s more, participants can acquire mental images from the task description and then form a sense of self-perception through
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Figure 1. The framework of gamification SMART model.
empathy (Van Laer et al., 2014). Based on utilitarian motivations, designers can set up an action guide in stories, which tells users how to participate, and also provide relevant rules and processes. In addition, designers can also set up relevant rules for different types of users, such as cooperation and competition rules, based on social purpose motivation.
3.2. Mechanics
The mechanic is the direct factor used to stimulate users’ behavior (Hofacker et al., 2016), including achievements, challenges, badges, scores, leaderboard, missions, levels, and points. Different elements have different incentive mechanisms. For example, the effect of leaderboard comes from competitive and competent motivation which are more utilitarian while the effect of avatars comes from hedonic motivation (Koivisto & Hamari, 2019; Xu et al., 2017). Thus, designers can choose appropriate mechanics for their gamification design (Deterding et al., 2011).
3.3. Aesthetics
Mainly based on users’ hedonism motivation, aesthetic is raised (Leclercq et al., 2017). In gamification designs, it is very important to make the aesthetic of the design in line with the user’s aesthetic appreciation (Hofacker et al., 2016; Jylhä & Hamari, 2019). For example, when the online business use gamification design, aesthetic elements of an APP or a website must be considered. Specifically, the designs need to consider if the color, visual symbol, and appearance styles of gamified elements can meet the aesthetic requirements of the target groups. When the design of a gamified element does not meet users’ aesthetic requirements, it is very likely that users may not be motivated to participate in activities (Hamari et al., 2014). Moreover, the aesthetics designs are also likely to enhance a user’s social motivation. People are more expected to make friends and organize teams with apps and communities that are more aesthetically pleasing to their target users (Looyestyn et al., 2017) , this effect is more significant among women (Koivisto & Hamari, 2014).
3.4. Relation
Relation puts forward mainly based on users’ social motivation. In the studies of existing gamification element models, relation plays a crucial role. However, almost all models (see Table 1) mention relation feature, but none of them treat it as a separate feature. In fact, new-generation users are increasingly concerned with their social needs (Rodrigues et al., 2016). Therefore, more and more businesses are using web technology to develop and build their online communities to maintain online social relationships among users (Scheiner et al., 2017). As for gamification design, relation feature should be considered. Specifically, relation feature includes competition, collaboration, interaction, display, feedback and making friends or teams. If these gamified relation elements are applied, two relationships are constructed. The first relationship is between users and products, gamified relation elements can prompt users to make feedback, recommendation and repeated purchase of products and so on. The second relationship is among users themselves. That is, gamified relation elements can make users more willing to cooperate or compete with each other (Rodrigues et al., 2016).
3.5. Technology
Technology feature is a key part of the gamification experience (Hofacker et al., 2016). It includes perception of technology (e.g. ease of use, usefulness) and medium (e.g. AR, VR, AV, AI, etc.). First of all, by stimulating people’s utilitarian motivation, technology elements can give people a direct sense of the ease of use and usefulness of gamification designs, which can make users accept gamified designs easier (Yang et al., 2017). Secondly, by stimulating users’ hedonistic motivation with the technology of AR, VR, etc., users can enhance their pleasant experience of gamification and become more willing to participate in gamification projects (Scheiner et al., 2017). In addition, when technology elements make communication more convenient, they also indirectly influence users’ social motivation (Mitchell et al., 2017).
4. SMART Gamification Model Apply in Xian-Yu Platform
4.1. Case Selection and Data Source
This paper will further test the effectiveness of SMART model through the case of Xian-Yu1 website applying gamification to business operation. Specifically, the case of Xian-Yu can show how the gamification design of SMART model helps to get more users involved and drives the success of Xian-Yu’s business. The following are the reasons why use Xian-Yu as the case study. Firstly, Xian-Yu adopts many gamification designs in its operational processes. Secondly, Xian-Yu’s operation has proven to be a great success, which is mainly because of its attraction to a large number of active users. Thirdly, Xian-Yu’s operation includes good use of internet technology and the management of online communities, which is a typical online case study.
Information and data related to Xian-Yu were collected in the principle of evidence triangle, mainly from Xian-Yu’s homepage, media reports, and semi-structured interviews with Xian-Yu users regarding their experiences. For the semi-structured interviews on the user experience, 45 participants (Mage = 22, 54% female, Major in business administration) were interviewed from April 3, 2020, to May 10, 2020. About 50% of the interviewees had used Xian-Yu for more than three months. Therefore, the interview data are suitable for this case.
4.2. Overview of Xian-Yu Platform
Xian-Yu is an online trading platform for second-hand goods under the Alibaba Corporation in China (Xian-Yu’s interface see Appendix FigureA1). It currently has both desktop and mobile app versions (iOS and Android). As long as a member logs in via their Taobao or Alipay account, they can sell the “items bought” in their Xian-Yu account with one click. They can upload pictures of second-hand items through their mobile phone and conduct online transactions without going through the complex process of opening up an online shop.
Xian-Yu has witnessed rapid growth and development since its official launch in June 2014, which mainly due to the significant increase of its user participation frequency, user participation duration, and numbers of users. According to Quest Mobile (a consulting corporation), the number of DAU (daily active users) on Xian-Yu reached a record high of 10 million in 2019. In terms of the number of daily uses per person, Xian-Yu’s monthly average is 6.8 times, which is more than the 5.8 of Taobao and the 5.1 of Jingdong Mall. In terms of the per capita daily use duration, it is 25.8 minutes for Xian-Yu, which is longer than other similar online shopping apps (e.g. Taobao, jd.com, Zhuanzhuan, etc.) According to the data released by Chen Wei-ye, the head of Xian-Yu, Xian-Yu now accumulated two hundred million users. Nearly 70% of Xian-Yu users were born post-1990s, and the number of items that passed through this platform reached 340 million pieces. Throughout the development of Xian-Yu project, it can be seen that the wide use of gamification is an outstanding feature of Xian-Yu. The success of Xian-Yu is reflected in all aspects of SMART model. Gamification design of Xian-Yu can be further explained through the five features of story, mechanics, aesthetics, relation, and technology.
4.3. Xian-Yu’s SMART
Xian-Yu’s Story
Before Xian-Yu’s launch, Taobao first investigated users through an online survey. The results showed that almost everyone has second-hand items and that more than half of all users tended to put them aside without further use. The reason for this is that most users did not have the time or energy to resell the second-hand goods, while some users even did not know where they could sell their second-hand goods. In this context, Taobao launched an online trading platform Xian-Yu that catered to many users with the idea of letting idle products be used again. The story of Xian-Yu is described on its official website2. “Xian-Yu” means “idle fish” in Chinese, so its slogan of “Let your idle fish swim” has become the convergent clue of its story and mental imagery (see Appendix FigureA1). In marketing, Xian-Yu calls upon consumers “to find new owners, to share with others, to make new friends...”. Therefore, Xian-Yu is both a trading platform3 and a platform where people who share a common interest can gather. Users’ utilitarian motivation to sell for a profit, hedonistic motivation to share items, and social motivation to find common interests have all been motivated by Xian-Yu’s story. The deep influence of Xian-Yu’s story on the above three user’s motivations can also be seen from the interviewees’ answers to why they use Xian-Yu (Table 2).
Thus, Xian-Yu’s story of “find new owners, share with others, make new friends” has become deeply rooted in the minds of consumers.
Xian-Yu’s Mechanics
The mechanics of Xian-Yu has the most direct effect on its users’ participation rate. Firstly, after logging into the Xian-Yu interface, users can gain a sea shell and check their credit scores (see Appendix FigureA2). Seashells are equal to points, which can be used as a registration fee to participate in some activities held in Xian-Yu. More successful transactions lead to a higher credit score. Secondly, if the user has some products for sale, he can click on the “shine” button every day (see Appendix FigureA3). This can update the product for sale and increase the visibility of the product, making the product more likely to be sold. Thirdly, Xian-Yu launches “Xian-Yu Top Sales” activity. According to the user’s trading situation, a sales rank is assigned to the users, manifested in a Bronze Star, Silver Star, or Gold Star. But these stars have time limits. Take the first
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Table 2. Interviewees’ answers to why they use Xian-Yu.
Sources: From interview materials.
Xian-Yu Top Sales Activity as an example. After the competition, the person who won the medal will keep the title for 3 months. After 3 months, a new assessment will be conducted. During Xian-Yu Top Sale Activity, higher sales lead to higher grades. Moreover, Xian-Yu officially announced that Xian-Yu’s top seller can receive cash bonus. In addition, Xian-Yu has launched “Yu-Tang” (fishpond: a kind of user community, in Xian-Yu, it is named Yu-Tang) in its latest version (see Appendix FigureA4). Yu-Tang refers to small community established by users with a common interest. After joining such a small group, users can receive all kinds of information about second-hand transactions in this community in a timely manner. There are different levels of Yu-Tang, with five main indicators for leveling them up, which include the number of members, the number of users releasing second-hand product information, the number of interactive users, the number of users closing a deal, and weekly customer retention rate. As mentioned above, Xian-Yu gives full consideration to users’ utilitarian, hedonic, and social motivations. Through the integrated designs of gamification mechanics, such as grades, credits, medals, achievements, and rankings, Xian-Yu has effectively motivated users’ motivation and further their participation.
During the interviews, each interviewee mentioned gamified mechanics of Xian-Yu to different degrees and that they agreed that such gamified mechanics are an effective means of driving them to engage with Xian-Yu. Table 3 summarizes the interviewees’ responses to questions related to these gamification mechanics, such as “What do you think is special about Xian-Yu”, “What content do you like about Xian-Yu”, “What elements do you noticed in Xian-Yu”, and so on.
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Table 3. Gamified mechanics mentioned by the interviewees and their evaluations.
Sources: From interview materials.
As shown in Table 3, Yu-Tang is the most popular function of Xian-Yu, as 93% of the respondents mentioned it and gave it positive reviews. 38 respondents expressed their preference for the community interaction functionality of Yu-Tang, including feedback, topic discussions, and online and offline activities. Furthermore, the account level and rankings can prompt them to continue to participate in Yu-Tang. Some respondents said that in Xian-Yu, they are able “to make friends”, “to clear up the doubts in their hearts”, “to buy good things,” and “to add novelty feelings”. Only two interviewees mentioned that they don’t like ranking because it made them feel pressure. In addition to Yu-Tang, the interviewees frequently mentioned a number of other topics, including Xian-Yu Coin, Xian-Yu Family, Xian-Yu live webcast, thumb ups for items, and “shine” the items on sale. For example, “Every time after I log in, I would check if my credit score, sign-in, and thumbs-up have increased”, “Increases in thumbs-up and credits make me feel good. If not, I would be a little lost”, “More sign-ins and Xian-Yu coins can boost the exposure of items, which makes it easier to sell”, “Xian-Yu coins and thumbs-up are very useful”. A total of 50% of the respondents mentioned Xian-Yu live webcast, but not all people like the webcast because they have different feelings about the bullet screen. Some respondents watch Xian-Yu live webcast or login to the Xian-Yu website simply because they are keen on bullet screens. However, other respondents have negative views towards the bullet screen and they have even refused to watch the Xian-Yu live webcasts due to the bullet screen. This shows that not all of the gamification mechanics play a positive role in motivating the users. Therefore, the design must fully consider users’ demand.
Xian-Yu’s Aesthetics
Xian-Yu’s interface uses a bright yellow color as the base color with a lovely fat fish as its brand logo which makes users have the perception that it is lovely, simple, lively, and cost-effective. Meanwhile, the various gamification features are also clearly displayed. Xian-Yu aesthetics perception can be seen through the pictures that are shown in Appendix Figures A1-A5.
In the interviews, interface design, logo, emblem, information prompt design, and the image of the Xian-Yu Family were mentioned several times. Most interviewees like the “aesthetics” of Xian-Yu. “Lovely yellow fish”, “lively and funny”, “direct and clear”, “simple and bright”, “lighthearted feeling”, and “strong visual appeal” were the words frequently used by the interviewees to describe Xian-Yu’s aesthetics. In particular, the cartoons on Xian-Yu Family received unanimous praise from the interviewees. Many respondents hold the views that the comic characters, stickers, and wallpapers in the Xian-Yu Family are “fun”, “cute” and “very stylish”. A total of 30% of the respondents said they had become fans of Xian-Yu just because they initially fell for the comic characters in the Xian-Yu Family. As a result, it can be seen that the aesthetic design of Xian-Yu conforms to the aesthetic standards of its user group, which stimulates the hedonic motivation of users and further stimulates their participation.
Xian-Yu’s Relation
“Relation” is one of the most prominent features in Xian-Yu’s gamification. “Yu-Tang”, “Xian-Yu live webcast” and “Xian-Yu Family” are three important projects that can illustrate Xian-Yu’s relation (see Appendix FigureA5).
As an online community of Xian-Yu, Yu-Tang has attracted and gathered a large number of post-1990s participants. Apart from making money by selling unused goods, Yu-Tang help the post-1990s generation creating their own unique lifestyle and culture. Yu-Tang’s operation mode is similar to the BBS (Bulletin Board System), and the role of the Yu-Tang owner corresponds with that of the administrator of the BBS. By March 2017, according to the official data provided by Xian-Yu, the number of Yu-Tang communities had reached 410,000. Yu-Tang communities have all sorts of fun names, such as “The Temptation of Lipstick”, “Han-style Clothing”, “Cosplay Together”, “Ancient Handmade Articles”, “Motorcycles”, “Being A Lens Fan is not a Waste of Money” and so on. Through various gamification mechanics, such as follow, thumbs-up, make comments, more and more users participate Yu-Tang. About 27% of the interviewees said they has joined at least one Yu-Tang. Almost all interviewees gave positive comments to Yu-Tang (see Table 4).
As for why they joined Yu-Tang, the interviewees gave answers like “They can find more people with the same hobbies”, “Knowing people outside their social circles is more important and interesting than transactions” and so on. Moreover, the interviewees cared greatly about the Yu-Tang topics and the feedback they received from the members. Some who operated Yu-Tangs were concerned with the grades for their Yu-Tangs’ levels and hoped to obtain Yu-Tangs with higher level through their own efforts. It can be seen that the gamified design of Yu-Tangs can improve the relationships among Xian-Yu users and fully satisfy users’ social motivations and hedonic motivation.
Xian-Yu Family succeeds in combining second-hand businesses and cartoons. At present, the blog has more than 300,000 followers. Xian-Yu family members include Cousin, Qiqi, Gai sir, and others. At the same time, the Xian-Yu family will periodically host some topical activities such as “Say something that is a sentence long to respond to people who say that you are fat” or “How hot are you?”. Users can vote on how interested they are in the topic so as to achieve an
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Table 4. Interviewees’ comments on Yu-Tang.
Sources: From interview materials.
interactive effect. Many interviewees highly appraised Xian-Yu family and say that they are surprising, interesting, and full of expectations. Xian-Yu family also satisfies users’ social and hedonic motivations.
Xian-Yu live broadcast went online in November 2016. It provides Xian-Yu auction that can auction off products through live online broadcasts. Buyers can watch and participate in the auction. By clicking on the items in the live broadcast interface, users can go to the page for the auctioned goods. As a popular tool in the present online community, live broadcasts have also used many gamified designs. For example, audiences can interact with those who hosting the live broadcast by sending gifts to them and proposing their own ideas on the bullet screen. The whole interacted process strengthens the relationships among users, corporations, and products while fulfilling users social and hedonics motivations.
Xian-Yu’s Technology
On the one hand, Xian-Yu’ technology ensures users’ knowledge of its ease of use and usefulness. Users can sell things in Xian-Yu without registering a store. The latest Xian-Yu has a “one click resells” function. With this function, users can sell the products that they brought in Taobao very easy. More than 90% of the interviewees thought that Xian-Yu’s “one click resells” function is easier to operate than they imagined. It satisfies users utilitarian motivations and make them has more willing to use it. On the other hand, Xian-Yu’s use of medium remains unexplored. So far, it doesn’t use any technology of AR, VR, AV, AI, etc. Therefore, the driving ability of Xian-Yu technology in improving users’ hedonic motivation still needs to be enhanced.
According to the above discussion, Xian-Yu has employed gamification design which includes story, mechanics, aesthetics, relations, and technology. These five features make up the SMART model of gamification. They meet users’ utilitarian, hedonistic, and social motivation, thus encourage users to constantly participate in Xian-Yu transactions and finally enabling Xian-Yu to achieve successfulness.
5. Conclusion and Discussion
Gamification is a new tool in the field of business management. Firstly, this paper defined and deconstructed gamification. Then, it constructed SMART model of gamification from the lens of user engagement in online business for the first time. Thirdly, the successful operation of Xian-Yu was used as an example to illustrate the application of SMART model and its effects. Specifically, Gamification’s story design cannot be tedious, the key is that the spiritual clues need to be simple and clear to deliver to users. For mechanics design in online gamification, multiple game elements can be used simultaneously, such as points, leaderboard, badges, etc. More importantly, if these mechanic elements can cause interaction between consumers, it will make the effect of gamification last longer. For aesthetic design of online business gamification, aesthetic design needs to conform to the aesthetic standards of the target users. For relationship design, in addition to motive online user interaction, it is also necessary to consider how to motive online and offline interaction. Last but not least, for technology design, in addition to the design of the usefulness and ease of use of the technology itself, it should also consider the application of the mediums (AR, VR, AI, etc.).
5.1. Theoretical Implication
The main contribution and innovation of this research can be presented in theoretical implication. That is, by summarizing the previous gamification models, this paper systematically summarizes the components of gamification, and proposes a more comprehensive gamification component model from the perspective of user participation motivation—SMART model. SMART model consists of story, mechanics, aesthetics, relation, and technology. Each feature has its specific element composition, and the incentive function of these elements is inseparable from user’s three kinds of motivations, including utilitarian, hedonic, and social motivations. Thus, the effect of gamification elements and their mechanism are clearly presented.
5.2. Management Implication
The main contribution and innovation of this research can be also presented in management implication. Based on the case of Xian-Yu’s gamification, this research combines the newly proposed theoretical model (SMART model) with practice. It not only tests the validity of the SMART model, but also provides a reference scheme for designing gamification in actual online enterprises. Specifically, SMART model can be used in practice to help online corporations improve their relationships with users, strengthen users’ loyalty, enhance user participation, and further promote corporate development. First, companies should fully consider the design of the five features in SMART model when carrying out gamification application. And the design of story, mechanics, aesthetic, relation and technology should be considered as a whole. Second, SMART model is proposed base on users’ motivations. Thus, a corporation can only effectively implement SMART model after understanding its target users’ real needs. Thirdly, SMART model is dynamic. With the advancement of technology, the weight of the elements in SMART model may change, and the enterprise should pay attention to these changes in gamification design.
5.3. Limitation and Future Study
Through a case analysis, this paper explores the effective influence of gamification on online business, which has some limitations in the research methods. In the future, the quantitative analysis method should be adopted and empirical studies (e.g. experiment, questionnaire, survey) can be used to examine the effect of gamified elements on users’ psychology and behavior. The research conclusion will have greater theoretical and practical contributions.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [Project No. 71702100]. The author would like to thank Professor Shengce Ren from Tongji University who participated in the discussion of SMART model and give great suggestions.
Appendix: The Screenshots of Gamification Features in Xian-Yu Platform (Chinese and English Version)
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Figure A1. Interface of Xian-Yu in its homepage.
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Figure A2. Xian-Yu mechanics: seashells, fans, thumbs up.
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Figure A3. Xian-Yu mechanics: “Shine” the goods.
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Figure A4. Yu-Tang: Xian-Yu’s user communities.
NOTES
1URL of Xian-Yu: https://2.taobao.com/.
2https://www.zhihu.com/question/24423133.
3http://www.cyone.com.cn/net/34559.html.