The Relationship between ABO Blood Group Type and the COVID-19 Susceptibility in Qatif Central Hospital, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cohort Study ()
1. Introduction
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which triggers the current COVID-19 infectious disease, is rapidly spreading across the world today [1].
Owing to the rapid dissemination of COVID-19, there has been a dramatic rise in the number of patients affected and 3,267,184 patients have been diagnosed, with 229,971 deaths to our present time. In Saudi Arabia, up to the present time, there are 24,097 patients, with 169 deaths [2].
Current clinical findings indicate that the age, gender and comorbidity of patients are the key risk factors predicting the extent of COVID-19 infection [1].
No biological markers have been identified so far for predicting COVID-19 susceptibility. Although blood group types are genetically inherited, environmental factors may theoretically influence the next generations’ ABO blood group type in a population [3].
It has been found that viral infections are linked to the ABO blood group. ABO blood group antigens may affect the vulnerability to norwalk virus infection [4]. One study also found that blood group O has lower susceptibility to hepatitis B, C, HIV, syphilis or malaria [5]. Cheng et al. had predicted the susceptibility of SARS-CoV infection in Hong Kong from the ABO blood group systems. The authors found that the hospital staff with blood group O had a lower risk of being infected as compared to those with non-O blood group [6].
So far, there are only two studies that investigated the relationship of ABO blood group with susceptibility to COVID-19 infection. The first study was conducted in Wuhan city, China [3]. The second study was done in New York, United States [7].
Here, we investigated the relationship between the ABO blood group type and the susceptibility to COVID-19 in patients who were admitted at Qatif Central Hospital (QCH).
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
Retrospective cohort analysis, it included all hospitalized confirmed COVID-19 patients in QCH, eastern province, Saudi Arabia. It included both genders and who are older than 14 years of age. The study was conducted in the period between March 15, and April 15, 2020.
2.2. Data Collection
The confirmed COVID-19 patients’ medical records were reviewed by the trained research team of the medical department, QCH.
Covid-19 was diagnosed based on provisional guidelines from the WHO. A confirmed case of Covid-19 was identified as a positive result for nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens in real-time reverse transcriptase—polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay [8]. ABO blood group from all patients was analyzed with column agglutination method.
Blood bank registry at QCH was reviewed for the blood donors for the year 2019 to estimate the distribution of ABO blood groups. Those data were used for comparison with the ABO blood groups of our patients.
SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) score was used to assess the severity of the illness in critical care patients. SOFA is based on six different variables, one for each system (respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, neurological systems, and coagulation). Each system scored between 0 and 4, and higher scores are associated with worse organ dysfunction and prognosis [9].
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using IBM, SPSS version 26. Standard descriptive and analytics statistics will be used to analyze the data. Chi-square test was used to test for significant difference and P-value ≤ 0.05 will be considered significant.
2.4. Ethic Consideration
The study was voluntary and informed consent was taken from all participants. The study was approved by the institutional research ethic committee of Qatif central hospital, Saudi Arabia (QCH-SREC0197/2020).
3. Results
The ABO blood groups of 5291 blood donors in Qatif central hospital, Qatif city, Eastern province showed a percentage distribution of 23.60%, 23.87%, 3.91% and 48.62% for blood groups A, B, AB and O respectively [10].
We studied hospitalized COVID-19 positive patients in QCH. Our sample consists of 82 patients but ABO blood group data was available for 72 patients only (Table 1).
We found a percentage distribution of 23.62%, 33.33%, 9.72% and 33.33% for blood groups A, B, AB and O respectively. It was found that the proportion of AB blood group was significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 compared to the blood donors (9.72% vs 3.91%) with significant probability (P < 0.05). The proportion of O blood group was found to be lower in COVID-19 patients as compared to blood donors (33.33% vs 48.62%), which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). These results corresponded with significantly increased risk for COVID-19 for AB blood groups with an OR of 2.645 (95% CI 1.198 - 5.839) and significantly lower risk for O blood group with an OR of 0.529 (95% CI 0.32 - 0.87). Although there was higher percentage distribution of B blood group among COVID-19 patients as compared to the blood donors, this difference did not reach statistical significance. There was no significant difference for risk of COVID-19 in blood group A with distribution of 23.60% in the blood donors, and 23.62% in COVID-19 patients (Table 2).
A different distribution of blood groups was found among patients with critical conditions. In our sample of COVID-19 patients, four patients were admitted to the ICU, two of which has A blood group and the other two have O blood group. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score for them revealed higher scores for A blood groups patients. However, these findings were not statistically significant (Table 3).
Moreover, we investigated ABO blood groups distribution in regards to sex and age groups distribution. Our study had a percentage distribution of males and females of 33.3% and 66.7% respectively (Table 1). There was no relationship between gender, age and the ABO blood group (Table 4, Table 5).
![]()
Table 1. Characteristics of the patients.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SARS-CoV2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. *P value was calculated by 2-tailed χ2 comparing each group individually to the combined other groups.
![]()
Table 3. Critical patients’ characteristics.
Abbreviations: SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment.
![]()
Table 4. Blood groups distribution in different age groups.
![]()
Table 5. Blood groups distribution in different genders.
4. Discussion
Several studies investigated the relationship between the ABO blood groups and different viral infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in the Middle East and the third study in the world that demonstrates the relationship between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 infection. The first study was conducted in China and it was published March, 2020 [3]. The second study was conducted in New York, USA, and published on April, 2020 [7].
In our COVID-19 patients, we found that blood groups B and O were the most frequent blood groups between patients (33.33%). On the other hand, the most frequent blood group among 5291 blood donors for the year 2019 was blood group O followed by AB blood group.
According to different studies done in the Eastern province, Saudi Arabia, ABO blood groups distribution was different. A study was conducted by Mohieldin Elsayid et al. to estimate the prevalence of Saudi patients’ blood group in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh. It showed that blood group O was the most frequent blood group in the Saudi population, while blood group AB was the lowest [11]. The variability in the frequency of blood groups and Rh phenotypes is due to variations in ethnic and geographical disparities as well as movement of migration [11]. On the other hand, Bashawri et al. concluded that O-positive blood group was the most common blood group in the Saudi population while blood group A was held at lower frequencies [12].
Comparing the ABO blood groups in our COVID-19 patients with the blood groups in our donors, we found that there was significantly increased risk for COVID-19 in patients with AB blood groups and significantly lower risk for patients with O blood groups. Our finding was different from the Chinese study which showed that blood group A was associated with an increased risk for COVID-19 infection. On the other hand, our study was similar to their study that blood group O was associated with a lower risk for COVID-19 infection [3].
The mechanisms causing certain blood groups predisposition for corona virus infection are not clear, though there are several unproved theories including anti blood group antibodies [13].
In our sample, there was no clear correlation between the ABO blood groups and COVID-19 infection severity, most likely because the number of our critical patients was small.
Our study has several limitations:
First, sample size was small (72 patients) which is related to the number of hospitalized infected COVID-19 patients in QCH. Second, number of severe cases was very limited (4 patients) with no mortality case. Third, multivariate regression analysis couldn’t be done because of deficient information regarding the control group (blood donors).
5. Conclusion
Our finding suggests that among confirmed COVID-19 patients, patients with AB blood group had high susceptibility while patients with O blood group had low susceptibility to COVID-19 infection. Due to the above limitations, we could not conclude that there was a relationship between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 infection susceptibility. Further studies are needed with large sample size and control groups.
Acknowledgements
Dr. Sameera Alsafawni for her help to access the ABO blood group for the blood donors. Dr. Suad Albeesh for literature review and to all health providers during COVID-19 pandemics.