The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature about the use of the operating microscope in endodontics. It used sources of bibliographic cataloging electronically identified by MEDLINE via PubMed, LILACS, BBO and Scopus, using as descriptors: Endodontics, anatomy and microscopy. The selected articles were identified from the titles and abstracts, taking into consideration the following criteria: publications ranging from January 2001 to November 2012, case reports, published in an indexed journal, and publications in English language. The search showed 167 articles related to this topic, and these 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. These indicated that a higher magnification helps coronary access and the location of channels to identify and interpret the complexities of the anatomy of root canals, the removal of nuclei and intracoronary fractured instruments, to minimize trauma of surgeries in soft and hard tissues, and detect fractures and microfractures. It was found that its use has provided Endodontics with a significant improvement in vision of the operative field, offering better quality jobs and a higher success rate.