M. Toda, S. Ezoe / Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 3 (2013) 99-103
102
Table 4. Percentage of respondents with poor health-related lifestyle and results of univariate logistic regression analysis to identify
factors associated with high mobile phone dependency.
Health-related lifestyle factor s
(1, good; 0, poor) Low-dependence
n (%) High-dependence
n (%) Crude odds ratio95% Confidence interval p value
Smoking habits 0 (0) 2 (6.3) NC* - -
Drinking habits 0 (0) 1 (3.1) NC* - -
Consumption of breakfast 14 (14.3) 8 (25.0) 0.50 0.19 - 1.33 0.166
Duration of sleep 75 (76.5) 23 (71.9) 1.28 0.52 - 3.14 0.596
Duration of work 43 (43.9) 14 (43.8) 1. 01 0.45 - 2.25 0 .990
Physical activity 10 (10.2) 7 (21.9) 0.41 0.14 - 1.18 0.096
Subjective stress 26 (26.5) 12 (37.5) 0.60 0.26 - 1.40 0.239
Nutritional balance 74 (75.5) 23 (71.9) 1.21 0.49 - 2.96 0.682
*Odds ratio not calculable b ecause of zer o v alue.
[22]. Smartphones are more like tablet computers than
mobile phones, and therefore may herald another change
in the way mobile telecommunication are used. Based on
recent developments, we are planning further studies.
In conclusion, the major finding of this study is that,
when adjusted for other factors, poor health-related life-
style, Type A behavior, or presence of depression may be
statistically significantly associated with high mobile
phone dependency. Persons with an unhealthy lifestyle,
Type A behavior traits, or depression might benefit from
mobile phone use guidance.
REFERENCES
[1] Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2011)
White paper: Information and communications in Japan,
2011.
http://www.soumu.go.jp/johotsusintokei/whitepaper/eng/
WP2011/2011-index.html
[2] Brod, C. (1984) Technostress: The human cost of the
computer revolution. Addison-Wesley, Reading.
[3] Toda, M., Monden, K., Kubo, K. and Morimoto, K. (2004)
Cellular phone dependence tendency of female university
students. Japanese Journal of Hygiene, 59, 383-386.
doi:10.1265/jjh.59.383
[4] Toda, M., Monden, K., Kubo, K. and Morimoto, K. (2006)
Mobile phone dependence and health-related lifestyle of
university students. Social Behavior and Personality, 34,
1277-1284. doi:10.2224/sbp.2006.34.10.1277
[5] Ezoe, S., Toda, M., Yoshimura, K., Naritomi, A., Den, R.
and Morimoto, K. (2009) Relationships of personality
and lifestyle with mobile phone dependence among fe-
male nursing students. Social Behavior and Personality,
37, 231-238. doi:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.2.231
[6] Toda, M., Ezoe, S., Nishi, A., Mukai, T., Goto, M. and
Morimoto, K. (2008) Mobile phone dependence of fe-
male students and perceived parental rearing attitudes.
Social Behavior and Personality, 36, 765-770.
doi:10.2224/sbp.2008.36.6.765
[7] Ezoe, S. and Morimoto, K. (1994) Behavioral lifestyle
and mental health status of Japanese factory workers.
Preventive Medicine, 23, 98-105.
doi:10.1006/pmed.1994.1014
[8] Morimoto, K. (2000) Lifestyle and health. Japanese
Journal of Hygiene, 54, 572-591.
doi:10.1265/jjh.54.572
[9] Toda, M., Makino, H., Kobayashi, H. and Morimoto, K.
(2007) Health-related lifestyle and patterns of behavior
related to health effects of leisure travel. Social Behavior
and Personality, 35, 287-294.
doi:10.2224/sbp.2007.35.3.287
[10] Belloc, N.B. and Breslow, L. (1972) Relationship of
physical health status and health practices. Preventive
Medicine, 1, 409-421.
doi:10.1016/0091-7435(72)90014-X
[11] Hosaka, T. and Tagawa, R. (1987) The Japanese charac-
teristic of Type A behavior pattern. The Tokai Journal of
Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 12, 287-303.
[12] Hosaka, T. and Tagawa, R. (1989) The coronary-prone
behavior pattern among Japanese: Its comparison with
Type A behavior pattern. Japanese Journal of Psychoso-
matic Medicine, 29, 527-536.
[13] Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A. and Brown, G.K. (1996) Manual
for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Cor-
poration, San Antonio.
[14] Kojima, M., Furukawa, T.A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M.,
Nagaya, T. and Tokudome, S. (2002) Cross-cultural vali-
dation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan.
Psychiatry Research, 110, 291-299.
doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00106-3
[15] Hosmer, D.W. and Lemeshow, S. (2000) Applied logistic
regression. Wiley, New York.
doi:10.1002/0471722146
[16] Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., D’Acremont, M., Ceschi,
G. and Zermatten, A. (2007) Does impulsivity relate to
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. OPEN ACCE SS