1. Introduction
High mechanical properties are observed for carbon nanotubes (CNT), and they are recordly high for singlewall CNT (SWCNT), for example, the Young modulus is of about 5 TPa, which is much higher than that of high-strength steels. Hence, the MWCNT addition to the material in a very low concentration (~0.1%) significantly improves the mechanical properties for most materials including polymers and ceramics, which is one of the reasons for the rise of interest in the wide application of CNT in modern technology and medicine [1].
The examined studies, regarding the risk and safety of CNT, as well as nanomaterials and products based on them, imply several important inferences [2-7]: CNT toxicity depends on their treatment of various contaminants, including the catalytic metals; the toxicity of SWCNT is higher than that of MWCNT; the toxic manifestation of SWCNT is less than that of the same dose of asbestos particles, placed under the skin of experimental animals (mice); the functionalized CNT are much less toxic than non-functionalized. According to the latter conclusion, it is obvious that preference should be given to the functionalized CNT when creating nanomaterials based on CNT for biomedical applications. Partly this approach was used in [8-11] for obtaining bulk composite materials BSA + MWCNT and studying their mechanical properties since albumin functionalizes CNT [12]. On the other hand, bulk composite nanomaterials BSA + MWCNT are of independent interest, when the used MWCNT are preexposed to functionalization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of these materials.
2. Samples Preparation and Measurment Techniques
The studied CNM consisted of the two main components: albumin, and carbon nanotubes. Albumin constitutes of about 60% of blood plasma proteins of humans and animals, and it has been well studied at the atomic and structural level. As well as BSA, human serum albumin (HSA) is widely used in medical practice, but HSA is less stable than BSA. The choice of BSA was determined by its high biocompatibility, wide accessibility, and stability of its characteristic parameters.
MWCNT were preferred CNT since they are less toxic and more accessible as opposed to SWCNT.
The bimetallic catalyst Fe-Mo/MgO was used to obtain MWCNT. MWCNT were synthesized at 900˚C for 40 minutes in the Ar/CH4 flow. After the synthesis, the material was subjected to multistage chemical processing resulted in MWCNT covered with functional groups that contribute to the formation of a stable aqueous suspension of MWCNTf. The MWCNT fraction in the final material after the treatment was 95 wt% ± 1 wt%.
Stages of functionalization of MWCNT are described in detail in [13,14], but we here note some main procedures allowing us to obtain stable water MWCNT suspensions:
• Annealing of the MWCNT-containing material in air for 1.5 h at 350˚C;
• Room-temperature treatment in hydrochloric acid for 24 h to remove catalyst particles;
• Treatment in concentrated nitric acid at 140˚C for 1 h;
• MWCNT treated with mineral acids were washed with water to pH = 5 by decantation and dried on a water bath and then in a drying oven at 120˚C to a constant weight;
During performing the acidic treatment, carboxyl (O=C-OH), carbonyl (C=O), and aldehyde groups (O=C-H), which prevent the coagulation of MWCNT in the solution and increase the stability of MWCNTf in water, are formed.
In this work, we used the methods of obtaining the CNT, which are described in [8-11], where the combined nanoand laser technologies were used. At that, numerous technological parameter as stirring duration, power and duration of the ultrasonic treatment, values of C, power density and duration of the laser treatment, temperature and time of the additional drying of fabricated CNT, etc. were used.
To form the CNT, we performed the preliminary procedures:
1) The BSA powder was dissolved in distilled water. The obtained solution was dispersed in a magnetic stirrer for 1 - 2 h and in the ultrasonic bath at £40˚C, decanted, and filtered.
2) Powders of MWCNT or carbon black K-354 with the concentration of 0.0015 wt% - 0.04 wt% were added into the aqueous BSA solution, while ash was added to the reference samples in the same proportion.
3) Obtained suspensions of 25 wt% BSA + MWCNT, 25 wt% BSA + carbon black K-354, and 25 wt% BSA + MWCNTf were treated similarly to point 1.
In this study, we used the methods for obtaining bulk CNM, which are described in [8-11], where nanotechnology and laser technology are used in combination. During preparation of the samples, numerous technological parameters were varied including the power density, the duration time of laser irradiation, parameters of preparation of aqueous solutions BSA + MWCNT (the duration time of mixing, the power level and duration time of ultrasonic treatment, etc.), the MWCNT concentration level, temperature, and the extra drying duration time for the prepared CNM.
The prepared suspensions were irradiated using a diode laser (the wavelength of the radiation 970 nm, the radiation power changes in the interval 0 - 20 W) until the water evaporation and the CNM formation with varying the consistency from rubber-like to a solid state. Later they were dried in air at 30˚C - 35˚C. The indication of sufficiently high quality of the final product was the absence of whitish areas of denatured albumin in it.
Bulk samples obtained with the use of laser irradiation behave differently during storage in normal conditions: CNM with MWCNT or MWCNTf retain their form and strength for a year or longer, while BSA or BSA+carbon black K-354 decompose into individual flakes of material in a few hours (£16 h), similarly to the process occurring during normal drying of their aqueous solutions and suspensions.
The relative optical density (absorption coefficient) with respect to distilled water and air was measured for all the suspension samples with the use of a photometer. The solid-state CNM samples of were ~1 g in weight, while the CNM density r was measured by the method of hydrostatic weighing. Hv was determined by the Vickers scale using a microhardnessmeter.
3. Experimental Results and Discussion
On the Figure 1 presents the typical SEM images for the studied CNM.
They testify to the following: CNM with MWCNT are inhomogeneous as in some places formed clusters of the MWCNT (Figure 1(a)), while in other places MWCNT are virtually absent. CNM to MWCNTf are homogeneousfunctionalized carbon nanotubes are observed everywhere, and they do not form clusters (Figure 1(b)). SEM picture of the last case is similar to the picture, when carbon nanotubes are homogeneously distributed in the CNM [15].
Studies were performed for three series of samples consisting of the following parts: I—BSA and BSA + carbon black K-354; II—BSA-based CNM and the nonfunctionalized MWCNT, i.e. BSA + MWCNT; III— BSA-based CNM and the functionalized MWCNT, i.e. BSA + MWCNTf. In all series of the samples, the concentrations of components were as follows: BSA 25 wt% and carbon additions 0.0015 wt% - 0.04 wt%.
Figure 2 shows the CNM surfaces examined using an optical microscope. In the first case, i.e. for the CNM sample with a low concentration level C » 0.0030 wt% of non-functionalized MWCNT (Figure 2(a)), the clusters isolated from the main matrix are visible. Their average size is of about ~20 mm and, apparently, they are formed as a result of agglomeration of the nanotubes. In another case, for CNM with MWCNTf (Figure 2(b)), the matrixisolated clusters are hardly visible since their size is much smaller than that in the first case. Figure 2(c) shows the pattern of the sample surface viewed using a