The La 5/8Ca 3/8Mn 0.9750Pd 0.025O3 compound was studied using DC magnetization measurements. The data were analyzed in the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic phase transition region by the Arrott plot method. The results show the Curie temperature T C ~ 247.8 K and the critical exponents of b = 0.48633, g = 1.18623 and d = 3.431682. The values of the critical exponents are between the mean-field theory and 3D Ising model. The magnetocaloric value is ~5 J/kgK, extracted from the M(H) curves.
Above the Curie temperature TC, colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) perovskite manganites behave paramagnetic insulating state. As the temperature is decreased below TC, they become ferromagnetic metals. It is shown that the ferromagnetic clusters are formed and extracted as decreasing temperature below TC. The existence of ferromagnetic clusters above TC [
According to the Curie-Weiss law for ferromagnetism, the large magnetic entropy change, ΔSM(T,H), is expected at the Curie temperature TC and has high values for materials having large effective magnetic moment [
The sample was fabricated by the sol-gel method. The original chemical substance are La(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Mn(NO3)2 and PdCl2 with the pure of more than 99.99%. The sample had been heated at 980˚C for 3 hours. After that it had been sintered at 1050˚C for 4 hours in air. Sample was checked and confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The results show that the sample was quality with structure of orthorhombic. The magnetic measurements were carried out on the PPMS-6000.
method. The range of the wide of transition as well the difference between the zero-field cooled and filed cooled in the range of low temperature does not seems to reflect the chemical disorder but seems due to the disorder in magnetism. It may be in a result of phase separation phenomenal [
In the range of the ferro-paramagnetic transition temperature, the scaling law was used for the saturate magnetisation and susceptibility and given by [
the range of temperatures T > TC. At the ferro-magnetic transition temperature, the applied field dependence of
the susceptibility is given by
from the log(M) curves versus log(H) at TC. By the extrapolating the Arot plots, we have gained the saturate magnetisasion and susceptibility as shown in the
explained by a point of view of phase separation. The critical parameters defined are between the mean-filed and Heisenberg model. This suggests that the sample seems not to be single phase but at least two phases, which should obey mean-field and Heisenberg model.
The thermo-magnetisation measurements show the transition temperature TC = 252.7 K. However, it is relative based on the derivative of the curve M(T) as T. This value was defined at the peak of the derivative curve. At this temperature, the variety of magnetisation as temperature is the strongest. Base on the obtained results, we have calculated and defined the ferro-magnetic transition temperature of the sample TC = 247.79 K. This is mean value after calculating both temperature regions above and below TC. It is much different to the value defined by the magnetisation curve. However, this value is more exactly because it is defined in the region of phase transition. It behaves the nature of the transition process in the sample.
The Arot plots modified were built using the critical parameters. The result is shown in the
The magnetocaloric phenomena was investigated using the applied field dependence of the magnerisation, M(H), at different temperatures. The result is displayed in the
the phase transition temperature related to the applied field for the thermo-magnetisation measurements. The shifting of the peaks due to the transition phase temperature is shifted to higher in high applied field. Approximate of 5 J/Kg∙K is the maximum value of magnetocaloric gained in the applied field of 6 T. Despite of small but it is close to room temperature. It is interesting that the magnetocaloric phenomenon broad over temperature region. It reduces sharply as increasing temperature higher TC whereas it reduces more slowly in the temperature lowers TC. This can be explained that in the temperature higher TC, the materials is paramagnetic and it is ferromagnetic in the lowers TC.
Phase separation of the materials can affect the positive effects at TC such as magnetoresistance or magnetocaloric. For the magnetoresistance, phase separation plays a role in the temperature region. It enhances the low- field magnetoresistance especially in low temperatures, far from TC. However, the magnetocaloric is not enhanced in low temperatures. This is a challenge for application.
The critical parameters have been studied. The results show b = 0.48633, g = 1.1826 and δ = 3.431682. This means that the transition model of the sample is between the mean-field and the Heisenberg mode. The thermomagnetic properties were investigated. The results show that Pd substituted for Mn in the materials reduces the ferro-paramagnetic transition temperature as well as magnetocaloric. However, the region of temperature having magnetocaloric is broadened to the lower transition temperature.
This work was supported by the National Foundation for Science & Technology Developments (NAFOSTED), Vietnam, project code: 103.02-2010.28. We thank Dr. Dao Nguyen Hoai Nam working for Institute of Materials Science of his measurements as well as his comments.