Binadhan-10 & Binadhan-11 are climate smart stress tolerant high yielding rice varieties (yield > 4 t ⋅ha −1) have saline tolerant EC up to 12 ds/m and submergence tolerant up to 20 - 25 days capacity. The present study was an attempt to analyze the yield gap of stress tolerant varieties Binadhan-10 & Binadhan-11 in some selected areas of Bangladesh. The objectives of the study were: 1) to estimate the yield gap of Binadhan-10 &-11 growers among the study areas; 2) to identify the factors affecting the yield of these variety; and 3) to suggest some policy guidelines to minimize the yield gap. The study was conducted in eight Binadhan-10 & Binadhan-11 growing areas in Bangladesh. In this study, four districts namely Satkhira, Khulna, Barishal, and Cox’s Bazar were used for Binadhan-10 and Mymensingh, Jamalpur, Sherpur and Sunamgonj were taken for Binadhan-11. It is based on primary level data from eight sub-districts among the study areas. A total of 240 farmers were randomly selected (30 from each location) to collect the data with a pre-designed questionnaire. Farmer were grouped according to saline affected and not-affected for saline tolerant variety Binadhan-10 and not affected, affected (1 - 10 days) and highly affected (10 - 20 days) for submergence tolerant rice variety Binadhan-11 to identify existing yield gap. Tabular as well as Zandstra method were applied for analysis the data. The study also found factors affecting the gap and some policy guidelines to minimize the gap.
Global environment is changing due to change in temperature in alarming rate. Rice is the crop of the Asia-Pacific Region, but production of rice is hampering due to change in climate. In other hand yield gap causes lowering in production. The projected demand of rice by the year 2025 is mind boggling [
Country | Population (mill.) 1995 | Annual Growth Rate (% per year) | Projected Population (mill.) in 2025 | Percent Increase 1995-2025 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995-2000 | 2020-2025 | ||||
China | 1199 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1471 | 23 |
India | 934 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1370 | 47 |
Indonesia | 192 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 265 | 38 |
Bangladesh | 121 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 182 | 50 |
Vietnam | 74.1 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 117 | 58 |
Thailand | 60.5 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 80.8 | 34 |
Myanmar | 46.8 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 72.9 | 56 |
Japan | 125 | 0.3 | -0.3 | 124 | -1 |
Philippines | 69.2 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 115 | 66 |
Rep. of Korea | 44.8 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 52.9 | 18 |
Pakistan | 130 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 243 | 87 |
Asia (excluding China) | 2244 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 3389 | 51 |
Source :Word Bank population projection, 1994-95 [
In Bangladesh, various high yielding stress tolerant rice varieties have been developed by different institute & organization. Binahan-10 & Binadhan-11 are the two stress tolerant varieties develop by BINA. Binadhan-10 is a salt tolerant variety for boro season which can tolerate up to 12 dS/m of salinity, released in 2012. The variety is capable to produce higher seed yield (5 - 6 t/ha under salt stress). Binadhan-10 is early maturing (127 - 132 days) than other salt tolerant varieties. In non-saline condition, potential yield is 8.5 t/ha (average 7.5 t/ha). Grain is medium long, slender and bright colour. The variety is suitable for both aman and boro seasons. Binadhan-11 has been released as a submergence tolerant early maturing rice variety for aman season. This variety possesses green and erect flag leaves. Duration of this variety is 130 - 135 days (under 20 - 25 days submerged condition) and 115 - 120 days for non-submerged condition. In submerged condition, potential yield is 4.5 t/ha (average 4.2 t/ha). This variety is capable to produce 5.0 - 5.4 t/ha in non-submerged condition. Despite the technologies developed by different National Agricultural Research System (NARS) institutes and extension agencies to disseminate the technologies, yield gaps exist in different crops of Bangladesh, such as rice, wheat, potato, oilseeds, pulses, etc. that may range from 19% to about 64% of the potential yield [
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The study was conducted in eight Binadhan-10 & Binadhan-11 growing areas in Bangladesh. In this study four districts namely Satkhira, Khulna, Barishal, and Cox’s Bazar were used for Binadhan-10 and Mymensingh, Jamalpur, Sherpur and Sunamgonj were taken for Binadhan-11. It is based on primary level data from eight sub-districts among the study areas (
In the study, the concept of yield gap as suggested by Zandstra et al. (1981) [
and potential farm yield obtained at demonstration plots, while Yield Gap II, reflecting the effects of biophysical and socio-economic constraints, was the difference between yield obtained at the nearest demonstration plot and actual yield obtained on farmers’ fields. The yield gaps were estimated as follows:
YieldGapI = [ ( Y R − Y D ) / Y R ] × 100
YieldGapII = [ ( Y D − Y F ) / Y D ] × 100
where,
YR is the research station yield,
YD is the demonstration plot yield, and
YF is the actual farm yield.
The results presented in
Particular | Barishal | Khulna | Satkhira | Cox’s Bazar | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average research station yield (YR), t∙ha−1 | 7.50 | 6.25* | 6.25 | 6.50 | 6.63 |
Average demonstration yield (YD), t∙ha−1 | 7.00 | 6.0 | 5.15 | 5.61 | 5.94 |
Average actual farm yield (YF), t∙ha−1 | 5.98 | 5.23 | 4.45 | 4.16 | 4.96 |
Yield gap I (%) | 0.50 (6.66) | 0.25 (4.00) | 1.10 (17.6) | 0.89 (13.59) | 0.69 (10.33) |
Yield gap II (%) | 1.02 (14.57) | 0.77 (12.83) | 0.70 (13.59) | 1.45 (25.84) | 0.99 (16.58) |
Total yield gap (%) | 1.52 (21.23) | 1.02 (16.83) | 1.80 (31.19) | 2.34 (39.53) | 1.67 (26.92) |
*Indicates the value of nearest sub-stations; Source: Author’s calculation based on field survey, September 2018.
Cox’s Bazar (4.16 t∙ha−1) district. The average yield of Binadhan-10 was 4.96 t∙ha−1.
In
As seen from
The results presented in
In
As seen from
Major factors that were responsible for the yield gap of Binadhan-10 were described in
Particular | Jamalpur | Mymensingh | Sunamgonj | Sherpur | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average yield of research station (YR), t∙ha−1 | 5.5 | 5.60 | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.52 |
Average yield of demonstration plots (YD), t∙ha−1 | 4.90 | 4.50 | 5.20 | 4.73 | 4.83 |
Average yield of actual farm (YF), t∙ha−1 | 3.99 | 3.87 | 4.03 | 4.08 | 4.00 |
Yield gap I (%) | 0.6 (10.90) | 1.1 (19.64) | 0.30 (5.45) | 0.77 (14) | 0.69 (12.57) |
Yield gap II (%) | 0.91 (18.57) | 0.63 (14) | 1.17 (22.50) | 0.65 (13.74) | 0.83 (17.18) |
Total yield gap (%) | 1.51 (29.48) | 1.73 (33.64) | 1.44 (27.95) | (1.42) 27.74 | 1.52 (29.76) |
Source: Author’s calculation based on field survey, September 2018.
Factors | Seed Kg∙ha−1 | Urea Kg∙ha−1 | MoP Kg∙ha−1 | Tsp Kg∙ha−1 | Seedling age (days) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recommended | 25 - 30 | 210 - 220 | 85 - 100 | 110 - 115 | 30 - 35 |
Khulna | 42 | 172.12 | 56.64 | 91.21 | 29.33 |
Sathkhira | 38 | 170.619 | 82.48 | 121.8703 | 29.12 |
Barishal | 40.23 | 171.66 | 53.46 | 102.76 | 31.05 |
Cox’s Bazar | 42.16 | 133.9 | 55.71 | 82.64 | 28.30 |
Average | 40.60 | 162.02 | 62.07 | 99.62 | 29.45 |
Source: Author’s calculation based on field survey, September 2018.
In case of Binadhan-11 average seed rate was 42.54 Kg∙ha−1, Urea 126.43 Kg∙ha−1, Tsp 72.40 Kg∙ha−1, MoP 56.80 Kg∙ha−1 and seedling age 28.27 days respectively, indicating except seedling age, they are either below or above the recommendation (
Factors | Seed Kg∙ha−1 | Urea Kg∙ha−1 | MoP Kg∙ha−1 | Tsp Kg∙ha−1 | seedling age (days) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recommended | 25 - 30 | 150 - 180 | 50 - 70 | 110 - 120 | 25 - 30 |
Jamalpur | 40.37 | 169.28 | 58.60 | 76.80 | 27.73 |
Mymensingh | 44.04 | 144.04 | 59.79 | 64.69 | 28.46 |
Sunamgonj | 42.45 | 89.88 | 38.43 | 61.57 | 28.16 |
Sherpur | 43.31 | 102.52 | 70.38 | 86.57 | 28.73 |
Average | 42.54 | 126.43 | 56.80 | 72.40 | 28.27 |
Source: Author’s calculation based on field survey, September 2018.
The responded were classified as affected and not affected by salinity in case of Binadhan-10 producing farmers and not affected, affected and highly affected by flood in case of Binadhan-11 producing farmers to identify the factors responsible for yield gap of the varieties. In case of non-saline areas 26.67% farmer’s average yield was 6.3 t∙ha−1 by using 41.62 Kg∙ha−1 seed rate which was greater than the recommended dose and other major inputs such as Urea 187.46 Kg∙ha−1, TSP. 103 Kg∙ha−1, Mop 53.49 Kg∙ha−1, Gypsum 22.74 Kg∙ha−1 were also below the required level.
The seedling age of the Binadhan-10 was 32.03 days was in the recommended range, land cultivated by power tiller, weeding, pesticide and insecticide spray were 3.23, 1.57, 0.38 and 1.12 times, respectively. The average farmers yield gap was 2.02 t∙ha−1 (
In case of saline areas farmer’s average yield was 4.7 t∙ha−1 and using 39.59 Kg∙ha−1 seed rate which was greater than the recommended dose and other major inputs for Binadhan-10 cultivation such as Urea 155.56 Kg∙ha−1, TSP 99.47 Kg∙ha−1, Mop 69.24 Kg∙ha−1, Gypsum 27.85 Kg∙ha−1 were also below the required level. The seedling age of the Binadhan-10 was 27.90 days, land cultivated by power tiller, weeding, pesticide and insecticide spray were 3.36, 1.74, 0.16 and 2.16 times, respectively,. The average farmers yield gap was 1.2 t∙ha−1. It can be seen that soil fertility was important factor for both of the variety. The overall soil fertility was the highest in case of not affected farmer as well as their yield was also the highest 6.32 t∙ha−1.
In case of submergence tolerant rice variety and not affected by flood, 16.66% Binadhan-11 producing farmer getting yield 4.1 t∙ha−1 by using 40.30 Kg∙ha−1 seed rate which was higher than the recommended dose and other major inputs such as Urea 107.83 Kg∙ha−1, TSP 86.49 Kg∙ha−1, MoP 81.50 Kg∙ha−1, Gypsum 11.51 Kg∙ha−1 were either below or above the required level. The seedling age of the Binadhan-11 was 28.72 days, land cultivated by power tiller, weeding, pesticide and insecticide spray were 3.63, 1.63, 0.67 and 1.11 times, respectively,. The average farmers yield gap was 1.42 t∙ha−1 (
Item | recommended | Farmer (no) (%) | Mean | Standard deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Yield (Kg∙ha−1) | 7500 | Not affected (32) (26.67%) | 6322.41 | 2319.50 |
1.1. Yield gap | - | 2023.69 | 1605.65 | |
2. Seed rate (Kg∙ha−1) | 25 - 30 | 41.62 | 17.21 | |
3. Power tiller (no.) | - | 3.23 | 0.82 | |
4. Fertilizer (Kg∙ha−1) | ||||
Urea | 210 - 220 | 187.46 | 260.91 | |
TSP | 110 - 115 | 103.48 | 69.56 | |
MoP | 85 - 100 | 53.49 | 52.18 | |
Gypsum | 50 - 60 | 22.74 | 30.13 | |
5. Seedling age (days) | 30 - 35 | 32.03 | 5.84 | |
6. Weeding (no.) | - | 1.57 | 0.89 | |
7. Pesticide | - | 0.38 | 0.90 | |
8. Insecticide | - | 1.12 | 1.16 | |
9. Soil fertility | 1.90 | 0.40 | ||
Item | recommended | Farmer (no) (%) | Mean | Standard deviation |
1. Yield (Kg∙ha−1) | 5500 | Affected (88) (73.33%) | 4692.58 | 1225.66 |
1.1. Yield gap | - | 1191.39 | 852.01 | |
2. Seed rate (Kg∙ha−1) | 25 - 30 | 39.59 | 23.48 | |
3. Power tiller (no.) | - | 3.36 | 0.76 | |
4. Fertilizer (Kg∙ha−1) | ||||
Urea | 210 - 220 | 155.56 | 55.04 | |
TSP | 110 - 115 | 99.47 | 39.99 | |
MoP | 85 - 100 | 69.24 | 35.74 | |
Gypsum | 50 - 60 | 27.85 | 49.92 | |
5. Seedling age (days) | 30 - 35 | 27.90 | 3.52 | |
6. Weeding (no.) | - | 1.74 | 0.73 | |
7. Pesticide | - | 0.16 | 0.58 | |
8. Insecticide | - | 2.16 | 0.92 | |
9. Soil fertility | 1.65 | 0.75 |
Source: Author’s calculation based on field survey, September 2018.
In case of medium flood affected area (affected 1 - 10 days) 68.33% Binadhan-11 farmer also getting yield 4.1 t∙ha−1 using 45.00 Kg∙ha−1 seed rate which was higher than the recommended dose and other major inputs such as Urea 142.23 Kg∙ha−1, Tsp 80.59 Kg∙ha−1, Mop 57.40 Kg∙ha−1, Gypsum 4.87 Kg∙ha−1 were also below the required level except mop. The seedling age of the Binadhan-11 was 28.04 days, land cultivated by power tiller, weeding, pesticide and insecticide
Gap in practices | Recommended | Farmer (no) (%) | Mean | Standard deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Yield (Kg∙ha−1) | 5500 | Not affected (20) (16.66%) | 4075.82 | 809.44 |
1.1. Yield gap | - | 1427.17 | 809.44 | |
2. Seed rate (Kg∙ha−1) | 25 - 30 | 40.30 | 10.87 | |
3. Power tiller (no.) | - | 3.63 | 0.49 | |
4. Fertilizer (Kg∙ha−1) | ||||
Urea | 150 - 180 | 107.83 | 54.47 | |
TSP | 110 - 120 | 86.49 | 49.09 | |
MoP | 50 - 70 | 81.50 | 50.22 | |
Gypsum | 20 - 30 | 11.51 | 27.68 | |
5. Seedling age (days) | 25 - 30 | 28.72 | 2.29 | |
6. Weeding (no.) | - | 1.63 | 0.49 | |
7. Pesticide | - | 0.67 | 0.84 | |
8. Insecticide | - | 1.11 | 0.82 | |
9. Soil fertility | - | 1.63 | 0.59 | |
Gap in Practices | recommended | Farmer (no) (%) | Mean | Standard deviation |
1. Yield (Kg∙ha−1) | 4500 | Affected (1 - 10 days) (82) (68.33%) | 4111.89 | 1094.36 |
1.1. Yield gap | - | 388.10 | 1094.36 | |
2. Seed rate (Kg∙ha−1) | 25 - 30 | 45.00 | 16.45 | |
3. Power tiller (no.) | - | 3.33 | 0.88 | |
4. Fertilizer (Kg∙ha−1) | ||||
Urea | 150 - 180 | 142.23 | 70.20 | |
TSP | 110 - 120 | 80.59 | 45.31 | |
MoP | 50 - 70 | 57.40 | 37.93 | |
Gypsum | 20 - 30 | 4.87 | 13.96 | |
5. Seedling age (days) | 25 - 30 | 28.04 | 2.59 | |
6. Weeding (no.) | - | 1.58 | 0.66 | |
7. Pesticide | - | 0.24 | 0.64 | |
8. Insecticide | - | 1.04 | 1.01 | |
9. Soil fertility | - | 1.85 | 0.38 | |
Gap in Practices | recommended | Farmer (no) (%) | Mean | Standard deviation |
1. Yield (Kg∙ha−1) | 4500 | Highly affected (11 - 20 days) (18) (15%) | 3690.63 | 934.55 |
1.1. Yield gap | - | 809.36 | 934.55 | |
2. Seed rate (Kg∙ha−1) | 25 - 30 | 42.32 | 15.22 | |
3. Power tiller (no.) | - | 3.05 | 0.80 | |
4. Fertilizer (Kg∙ha−1) |
Urea | 150 - 180 | 104.30 | 52.38 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
TSP | 110 - 120 | 57.57 | 44.69 | |
MoP | 50 - 70 | 48.70 | 48.75 | |
Gypsum | 20 - 30 | 18.03 | 28.60 | |
5. Seedling age (days) | 25 - 30 | 27.33 | 2.54 | |
6. Weeding (no.) | - | 1. 16 | 0.78 | |
7. Pesticide | - | 0.61 | 0.84 | |
8. Insecticide | - | 0.50 | 0.78 | |
9. Soil fertility | - | 1.22 | 0.73 |
Source: Author’s calculation based on field survey, September 2018.
spray were 3.33, 1.58, 0.24 and 1.04 times, respectively. The average farmers yield gap was 0.38 t∙ha−1.
In case of highly flood affected area (affected 11 - 20 days) 15% Binadhan-11 producing farmer getting yield 3.7 t∙ha−1 by using 42.32 Kg∙ha−1 seed rate which was higher than the recommended dose and other major inputs such as Urea 104.30 Kg∙ha−1, TSP 57.57 Kg∙ha−1, MoP 48.70 Kg∙ha−1, Gypsum 18.03 Kg∙ha−1 were below the required level. The seedling age of the Binadhan-11 was 27.33 days, land cultivated by power tiller, weeding, pesticide and insecticide spray were 3.05, 1. 16, 0.61 and 0.50 times, respectively. The average farmers yield gap was 0.80 t∙ha−1.
It can be seen that soil fertility was important factor for both of the variety. The overall soil fertility was the highest in case of medium flood affected farmer as well as their yield was also the highest 4.1 t∙ha−1.
Correlation between different factors in rice cultivation and yield in the study areas
Correlation co-efficient were computed to ascertain the relationships between different factors in rice cultivation and yield in these varieties. The findings presented in
The results showed that all the inputs in Binadhan-11 cultivation had significant positive relationships with the yield (
Some policy guidelines to reduce the Yield Gap
At fast, Farmers should follow the recommended doses of inputs in the production process. Besides quality seed must be ensured in timely and awareness, motivation as well as extension programme also be increased. Secondly some farmers noticed about high price of labour in sowing and harvesting time, reluctant in adopting new technology and adulterated fertilizer & insecticide also responsible for achieving targeted yield. Thus it is necessary to provide adequate
Sl. No. | Factors | Correlation co-efficient (r) |
---|---|---|
1. | Seed rate | 0.606*** |
2. | Power tiller | 0.210** |
3. | Urea | 0.550*** |
4. | TSP | 0.551*** |
5. | MoP | 0.420*** |
6. | Zypsum | 0.251** |
7. | Quantity of irrigation | 0.168* |
8. | farm size | 0.727*** |
Note: “*”, “**” and “***” indicate significant at 10%, 5% and 1% level. Source: Author’s calculation based on field survey, September 2018.
Sl No. | Factors | Correlation co-efficient (r) |
---|---|---|
1. | Seed rate | 0.739*** |
2. | Power tiller | 0.184** |
3. | Urea | 0.674*** |
4. | TSP | 0.578*** |
5. | MoP | 0.484*** |
6. | Zypsum | 0.289** |
7. | farm size | 0.912*** |
Note: “**” and “***” indicate significant at 5% and 1% level. Source: Author’s calculation based on field survey, September 2018.
labour facilities during sowing and harvesting time and government should take appropriate action through law enforcement team to stop the use of adulterated fertilizer and insecticide throughout the country.
Increasing yield as well as agricultural productivity is urgent for economic growth and development for any country in the world. The study found that in Bangladesh, we are losing 1.67 t∙ha−1 (26.92%) yield of Binadhan-10 in Boro season and 1.52 t∙ha−1 (29.76%) of Binadhan-11 in Aman season. If we could reduce these gaps, our total production per year will be increased by 3.19 t∙ha−1 which will support in achieving food security as well as Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
➢ The study revealed that in case of submergence tolerant rice variety Binadhan-11, per hectare yield gap I was 0.69 tonne (12.57%) and yield gap II was 0.83 tonne (17.18%). The lowest gap was 1.42 t∙ha−1 (27.74%) observed in Sherpur district and it was the highest 1.73 t∙ha−1 (33.64%) in case of Mymensingh district. Considering all, the average yield gap for Binadhan-11 was 1.52 t∙ha−1 i.e. 29.76% in Aman season.
➢ For Binadhan-10, a salt tolerant rice variety the estimated yield gap I was 0.69 tonne per hectare (10.33%) and yield gap II was 0.99 t∙ha−1 (16.58%) for Binadhan-10. The lowest gap was 1.02 t∙ha−1 (16.83%) found in Khulna district and it was the highest 2.34 t∙ha−1 (39.53%) in case of Cox’s Bazar district. Considering all, the average yield gap was 1.67 t∙ha−1 (26.92%) in Boro season.
➢ If we could reduce these gaps, our total production per year will be increased by 3.19 t∙ha−1 which will support in achieving food security as well as Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Sultana, R., Rahman, Md.H., Haque, Md.R., Sarkar, Md.M.A. and Islam, S. (2019) Yield Gap of Stress Tolerant Rice Varieties Binadhan-10 & Binadhan-11 in Some Selected Areas of Bangladesh. Agricultural Sciences, 10, 1438-1452. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2019.1011105