A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. The key word to this technology is Geography—this means that some portion of the data is spatial. In other words, data that is in some way referenced to locations on the earth. The goal of this study is to evaluate how precisely waterlogging can be identified from medium-goals satellite pictures utilizing EWIS list. The point is to distinguish and mapping of the waterlogged territories in the piece of Farafra Desert Oasis of Egypt. To complete this identification, Landsat-8 symbolism and geographical sheets (1:50,000) have been utilized and handling through Envi 5.3 and Circular segment GIS 10.3, with field perceptions. The waterlogged regions have positive change (+), anyway grounds have negative change ( −). Land has been diminished while water bodies have upward pattern. These waterlogged zones have been mapped at a general exactness of 99.22%. The primary explanations behind this descending rate are mostly improvement and anthropogenic mediations. The investigation shows utility of reconciliation of remote detecting and GIS systems for evaluation of waterlogged territories especially in districts where waterlogging conditions happen both because of over the top water system and poor waste. This investigation is recommended that an appraisal of water logging utilizing remotely detected information ought to be completed at customary interims.
A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes. With this unique capability, GIS reveals deeper insights into data, such as patterns, relationships, and situations— helping users make smarter decisions [
Land corruption in the Farafra Desert Oasis is anticipated to turn into a genuine and broad natural issue in the following couple of years because of a miss land use arranging. The principle sorts of land debasement in the Farafra Desert Oasis are waterlogging and soil salinization. Farafra Desert Oasis faces genuine water table issues brought about by over-water system and hard skillet at different profundities [
A few analysts recognized these issues [
The principle goal of this study is to research a legitimate and conceivable model for observing, mapping, and foreseeing the waterlogged zones in the Farafra Desert Oasis, Egypt by utilizing Landsat-8 satellite pictures.
The downturn of Farafra Desert Oasis is situated in the center piece of the Western Desert about 650 km toward the southwest of Cairo. El-Farafra discouragement is the second biggest sorrow in the Western Desert of Egypt. It lies basically between longitudinal 27˚20'E and 29˚00'E, and scope 26˚28'N and 27˚40'N. The examination zone is a piece of the Farafra Desert Oasis, and it is situated toward the south of Farafra Desert Oasis, New Valley Governorate. The limestone level of the center scopes of Egypt stretches out along the two sides of the Nile. It shapes an unpleasant going, almost level upland desert surface meagerly veneered by a disintegration asphalt made up of alluvium and rock. The incomparable Desert Oasis of Dakhla and Kharga lie in the shadow of the southern edge of this limestone level [
The dirt temperature arrangement of the locale could be portrayed as hyperthermic and torric soil dampness. The investigation territory is portrayed by sweltering dry desert atmosphere; month to month temperature esteems infer a comparative dissemination of most extreme, least and mean temperature esteems during the year, a normal of 23.3˚C and a normal of roughly 30.8˚C in summer and 14.2˚C in winter. The most extreme mean temperature was estimated in June at 40.0˚C, while in January the base temperature was recorded at 5.0˚C. The precipitation esteems around 0.63 mm/month are incredibly little throughout the year. Qualities ran from 3.7 to 13.18 mm/day for evapotranspiration. Wind paces contrast from 18 to 24 km/h with transcendent headings for N - S and NW - SE.
The Farafra despondency is an unpredictably formed semi-shut bowl where it is encompassed by north, south and west ledges. The downturn ground bit by bit increments toward the south and streams into the level framing the southern slope of Dakhla and Abu Minqar Desert Oasis (
cross-had relations with sandstones with between slept with shale. The extrusive rocks, which have a place with the Precambrian age, are uncovered in dissipated patches. On the limestone level, Tertiary Eocene, and Paleocene limestone and shale overlie the Nubian Arrangement, which is privately interfered by basalts accepted to be recently Tertiary or Early Pleistocene age [
Sand rises spread the eastern bit of the Farafra OasisThese ridges for the most part stretch out toward the southern slope of Dakhla discouragement for around 200 km from the upper east corner of the downturn. Interdune districts become more extensive toward the south and east, and the decrease in sand supply in this way destroys the generally isolated rise edges into particular barchans before arriving at the Dakhla melancholy scarves [
It is described by certain prominent geomorphic units, to be specific; plateaux, barren wasteland and wretchedness floor, where the last is isolated into the accompanying sub-geomorphic units (
El-Shazly [
[
The presence of incalculable measures of dirt minerals demonstrate that El-Farafra wretchedness soils have been exposed to water activity for quite a while during either their arrangement or transport from the source area. Besides, the varieties in the earth mineral collections mirror the multi-inception nature as well as variety of multi-depositional. Some shale-inferred soils in New Valley governorate (El-Kharga Desert Oasis, El Dakhla Desert Oasis, El-Zaiyat plain and Gharb El-Mawhub) were contemplated by [
The quick soil disintegration brought about by waterlogging and salinization spreading is distinguished in two stages and assessed utilizing the accompanying philosophy. The initial step comprises of Landsat-8 satellite pictures procured in the years 2016, which were gotten and prepared to screen the waterlogged territory utilizing EWIS record [
To set up the information satellite pictures for further preparing, the accompanying pre-handling steps were performed: radiometric alignment, barometrical amendment, co-enrollment, and resampling. Radiometric alignment and environmental remedy were directed by [
In areas where overcast spread or vegetation coverings don't confine water body recognition, optical remote detecting techniques are successful for evaluating examples of immersion [
EWIS = ( b2 − b4 − b7 ) − ( b5+b7 ) = ( Blue − Red − SWIR ) − ( NIR+SWIR ) (1)
Similar to NDVI, EWIS produces −1 to +1 value. However, most of the water bodies are found near to +1 value. EWIS values between +0.4 to +0.9 were classified for the images as waterlogged areas.
Spatial conveyance of waterlogged zones at El-Frafra Desert Oasis appears in
demonstrates the recognized waterlogged (white) zones from Sep 2014 to Sep 2016. The waterlogged territory (
Post arrangement examination of progress identification technique was utilized to deliver a nitty gritty change data of water and horticulture grouped pictures. In this stage, the characterized pictures were overlaid so as to get the progressions of water and farming. Point by point changes data of waterlogged and non-water zone characterized pictures (
Classes | Producer Accuracy (%) | User’s Accuracy (%) | Commission (%) | Omission (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Waterlogged | 99.40 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.60 |
Non-Water | 100.00 | 99.59 | 0.50 | 0.00 |
Overall Accuracy % | 99.22 | |||
Kappa Coefficient | 0.987 |
The goal was to early portray the waterlogged regions utilizing Landsat-8 information. Landsat-8 symbolisms are demonstrated to be helpful information to distinguish waterlogged regions in this examination. Utilizing medium goals latent information, separating waterlogged territory can be reasonable. Radiometric lists have their very own mark highlights and qualities for recognizing the objectives among various otherworldly groups. The EWIS was evaluated in the ebb and flow concentrate to depict precisely waterlogged territories and improve its essence in remotely detected symbolism. The investigation has demonstrated that a quick and dependable evaluation of the waterlogged and touchy territories of water logging can be made by the EWIS list.
The surface waterlogged regions were outlined from LandSat-8 satellite symbolism utilizing EWIS file strategy. The outcome shows that a waterlogged zone ranges from zero to +1. The positive qualities +1 mean the event of waterlogged zones though the negative qualities −1 is for vegetation spread. An expansion in waterlogged zone is watched. The outcomes demonstrated an exceptional expanding pattern in the waterlogged territory in couple of months. On the off chance that such an expanding pattern in Farafra Desert Oasis waterlogged proceeds, the land will lose its whole surface in not so distant future or in others words the surface land will be for all time changed over into waterlogged region.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Mohamed, A.I. and Omran, E.-S.E. (2019) Evaluation of Waterlogged Areas in El-Farafra Oasis, Egypt. Open Journal of Soil Science, 9, 232-242. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2019.911014