Starting from the concept of cultural ecology, based on the data collection and field investigation of traditional villages in Wuhe Village, starting from cultural ecology, it points out the phenomena and problems such as the invasion of traditional village cultural ecology, the aging of cultural community, the disappearance of cultural space and so on. On the basis of the phenomena and problems such as the disappearance of cultural space, this paper puts forward the theoretical protection strategies of the overall protection of cultural ecology, the dynamic protection of cultural ecology and the protection of the diversity of cultural ecology.
The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction, the Ministry of Culture, the State Bureau of Cultural Heritage and the Ministry of Finance “Circular on the investigation of traditional villages” (Building Village (2012) 58) point out: traditional villages refer to the early formation of villages and rich traditional resources. Villages with certain historical, cultural, scientific, artistic, social and economic values should be protected [
(data source: http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/index. And http://jst.sc.gov.cn/)
The concept of “cultural ecology” was first put forward by American anthropologist Stewart [
Taking human needs as the center, according to Maslow’s demand hierarchy theory, human needs are divided into five levels from low to high, namely, physiological needs, security needs, social needs, respect needs, self-realization needs [
Taking people as the core, four circles of cultural ecology of Wuhe village are constructed [
The first model is based on the demand-level theory of Maslow, and the relationship between human and culture is mainly described from the human’s most basic demand level. The second model of construction is the high point of man-made, and expounds the cultural ecosystem of five and the village. The former is the foundation of the latter, the latter is the form of the former, the two are interdependent, mutual influence, the culture is not only in the environment, but also in the environment, under the movement of this kind of interaction, the material, the system and the spirit of the cultural ecosystem are gradually formed, A joint and complete interpretation of the five and village cultural ecosystems.
In the 21 years of Kangxi, Botong Zhang was praised by the emperor for building a house in Wuhe Village, so he chose the site to form the village. Wuhe Village longitude E107˚22', latitude N32˚14', height 303.5 m, located in the north of Julong Town, bordering Chang Town, Jinzhong Village in the east, Qiulin Town in Santai County in the west, Wuli Village in the south, Tongwu Village and Fenglin Village in the north (
The site selection of residential buildings pays attention to the mountain shape, the back has the backrest mountain, the front has the pen frame, the left has the Azure Dragon, the right has the white tiger, the site selection is mostly distributed on the flat in the mountain bay, its architectural distribution forms the state distribution of one bay and one village (
land, the pursuit of harmonious symbiosis between architecture and environment. In accordance with the concept of “harmony between man and nature” in accordance with the traditional culture, a large number of cultivated land and farmland are retained in the site selection, which ensures the grain of the whole villagers. Sufficient, for the village to provide the most direct material security.
According to local conditions, it is a common form of residential buildings in rural settlements [
Architecture, as one of the main creations of human labor, is an important part of culture [
Buddhist Temple, formerly known as Bishan Temple, has many statues and incense has become the only Buddhist shrine in Julong Town. Before liberation, he set up township offices, run schools, built granaries, helped victims, gathered military service and managed the situation of the people. With the innovation of the times of social progress, the Temple of Bishan was demolished. Reform and opening up here has set up a center for cultural and recreational activities for the elderly, social harmony, prosperity and cultivation of the motherland, good sense of old age, self-cultivation and voluntary practice, for which the Temple of Bishan has been changed to Buddha Temple.
Farming culture refers to a kind of custom culture formed by farmers in long-term agricultural production, which is to seek harmonious coexistence between man and nature. Farming culture can be divided into: farming material culture and farming non-material culture.
1) Agricultural material culture: rich in crop products, mainly planting lilac flowers and trees, rice, wheat, rape, sweet potato, green vegetables, millet pepper and so on; on the hillside of Zhanghuashan, Wuhe Village, there are more than 20 tombstones, which are distributed in one word and confirmed as Han Tombs by the investigation of County Institute of Cultural Management. Longan ancient well, a total of two, divided into the front of the Zhang folk house, with the residential area as the dragon, similar to two longan named Longan ancient well, these two wells and Zhang’s folk house were built at the same time, the water quality is clear to learn from, the weather drought does not decrease, the two waterlogging does not increase, after 300 years, Still nourishing the descendants of Zhang.
2) Agricultural immaterial culture: stone carving and wood carving technology in traditional art, stone carving art is mainly reflected in pillar foundation, street along the stone, memory tablet and graveyard, etc., wood carving is reflected in doors, windows, cards and so on.
1) Ancestor Worship
Folk culture is our precious cultural wealth, the root of collective memory, but also our communication channel with the past [
2) Xiaojie Square
The filial piety square built by the court for Jiang Shi, the wife of Taijie Zhang. In the second year of Kangxi, Taijie Zhang was a county decree here, and there were often ethnic struggles in Hong Kong, endangering the people. Taijie Zhang carried out encirclement and suppression and fought bravely against poultry enemies. Since then, the people of all ethnic groups have lived in harmony and worked in peace and contentment. After Taijie Zhang’s death, his wife Wang carefully filial piety parents, raise children, everything to filial piety first. In Wuhe village, Wang is respected by future generations, which is the vivid embodiment of “hundred lines of filial piety first” in the Confucian thought of the ancients. “filial piety” is an act advocated by Chinese traditional culture, that is, filial piety and kindness to parents should not go against their parents. The wishes of the elders and ancestors of the family are the expression of the relationship between species and stability.
In his book Cultural Ecology, Professor Zhengquan Huang included “anti-cultural ecology” in his conceptual system, pointing out that “people not only have the rational spirit of yearning for and pursuing harmony, but also have the ‘irrational’ spirit. This kind of destructive is often unconscious, anti-cultural ecology is not only the heterogeneity of this kind of cultural ecology, but also the contradictory aspect of cultural ecology” [
Guangzhong Yu’s “homesickness” makes people want to hope that there is a unique culture different from other villages in this kind of “homesickness”. Traditional villages, which contain rich historical information and cultural landscape, are the carrier of country worries [
The local cultural community is a human settlement environment formed through the accumulation of history, which is the result of natural selection and social selection [
What is important in traditional villages is the protection of material cultural heritage and the dual protection of intangible cultural heritage. In the aspect of material cultural heritage, some plans for the protection of material cultural heritage are formulated, and these protection plans are feasible. It is binding, such as the protection plan of Zhang’s folk houses, but for the protection of intangible cultural heritage, the cultural space dominated by folk customs is slowly disappearing. According to Bingan Wu, “generally speaking, all ethnic groups that hold traditional large-scale comprehensive activities in accordance with the time and fixed place commonly known as the folk conventions, folk cultural activities are non-material cultural activities.” Cultural Space of Heritage [
Cultural ecosystem holds that “the diversity of cultural species is a necessary condition for cultural ecosystem to maintain dynamic balance” [
Cultural ecology is an inseparable whole, which is not only reflected in the main body of architecture, various folk customs, specific festivals, and the continuation of inheritors, but also includes the whole cultural space in which these architectural cultures are located. Carrying the natural environment and village space of culture. Within the cultural ecosystem, in addition to the reflection of externalization in the visible form, it is also important to protect the local spiritual culture and the psychological level of the people. They take the cultural space as the carrier and depend on the whole cultural ecosystem [
Cultural ecology is a dynamic accumulation of historical process [
The problem of protection and development is a hot topic in traditional villages, and the study of cultural ecology in traditional villages has become an inevitable trend. The author selects Wuhe Village, a well-preserved and diverse cultural village, as the research object, analyzes the elements of cultural-ecological resources in its traditional villages, and puts forward the strategies of overall protection, dynamic protection and diversity protection of cultural ecology. It can make the natural environment and cultural ecology of the traditional village better integrate together, which is beneficial to the good development of the traditional village.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Dai, D., Fu, J.L. and Zhao, C.R. (2019) A Study on the Protection Strategy of Traditional Villages from the Perspective of Cultural Ecology. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 7, 88-98. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.77009