Drug resistance due to the extensive abuse and over-use of antibiotics has become an increasingly serious problem and researchers started to use plants as an alternative source of new antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to assess the antimicrobial properties of secondary metabolites isolated from A. liebrechtsiana . A new secoiridoid derivative, anthocleistenolide B ( 1 ), along with three known compounds, the monoterpene diol, djalonenol ( 2 ), the xanthone O -glycoside, decussatin 1- O - β -D-glucopyranoside and the fatty acid, dotriacontanoic acid ( 4 ) w as isolated from the leaves and bark of this plant. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR) and mass spectrometric data. The isolated compounds were screened for their antimicrobial properties against five strains of bacteria (two gram positive: Staphylococcus aureus 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 25922 and three gram negative: Escherichia coli ATCC51299, Proteus mirabilis (isolate), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa QC76110), but all were inactive.
Antibiotics resistance is an increasing reality in modern medicine and it is emerging as a significant threat to public health. In order to find novel antibiotics with new mode of action, plants have been explored as sources of new and effective antimicrobial secondary metabolites [
Optical rotations were measured using the sodium D-line on a Perkin-Elmer 241 MC polarimeter at 23˚C. The IR absorption spectra were measured on a Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR using a diamond ATR unit. Positive ion mode HRESI mass spectra were recorded on an Agilent 6320 Ion Trap Instrument. 1H and 13C NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY spectra were recorded in deuterated MeOH (Merck) and chloroform (Merck) on a Bruker AVANCE III-600 MHz Spectrometer equipped with a 5 mm cryogenic TCI-probe head using standard gradient-selected pulse sequences. Column chromatography was performed using Sephadex LH-20 (Merck) and silica gel (Nacherey-Nagel Kieselgel 60 M 40 - 60 µm, 70 - 230 µm). TLC was carried out on precoated silica gel 60 F254 (Merck) plates developed with n-hexane-EtOAc and EtOAc-MeOH-H2O. Substance zones were visualized under UV light (254 and 365 nm) and by spraying with 10% aqueous H2SO4 followed by heating.
The leaves and bark of A. liebrechtsiana were collected in Edea (Littoral region of Cameroon) in January 2016 with the location 3˚48'0''N, 10˚7'60''E and were authenticated at the National Herbarium of Cameroon, Yaoundé, where a voucher specimen (N˚55963/HNC) was deposited.
Air-dried and powdered leaves and bark of A. liebrechtsiana (3 kg) were extracted with MeOH for 72 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the filtrate under reduced pressure, a greenish residue (305 g) was obtained. Part of this extract (290 g) was triturated with EtOAc to yield an EtOAc fraction (100.4 g) after evaporation of solvent to dryness. The remaining residu was suspended in distilled water (1 L) and extracted with n-BuOH to yield after evaporation 83.3 g of extract. Portion of the EtOAc fraction (93 g) was subjected to column chromatography using silica gel 60 (70 - 230 µm) eluting with the mixture n-hexane-EtOAc (100:0 to 0:100) and EtOAc-MeOH (100:0 to 50:50) to yield five main fractions (A-E). Column chromatography of fraction B (5 g) under silica gel (40 - 60 µm) eluted with n-hexane-EtOAc (75:25) gave four sub-fractions (B1-B4). Compound 4 (18 mg) was obtained from sub-fraction B1. Fraction E (10 g) was chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 (MeOH) and by silica gel (40 - 60 µm) column chromatography using n-hexane-EtOAc (20:80) as eluent to furnish three sub-fractions (E1-1-E1-3). Sub-fractions E1-1 (200 mg) and E1-3 (150 mg) were subjected to column chromatography on silica gel eluted with n-hexane-EtOAc (40:60) to give compounds 1 (15 mg) and 2 (16 mg) respectively. The n-BuOH extract (83.1 g) was chromatographed on silica gel (70 - 230 µm) using EtOAc-MeOH (100:0 to 40:60) as the eluent to afford six fractions (I-VI). Fraction III (10 g) was separated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography (MeOH) to give four sub-fractions (III1-III4). Sub-fraction III1 (1 g) was rechromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 (MeOH) to yield sub-fractions III1-1, III1-2 and III1-3. Purification of sub-fraction III1-1 (100 mg) on silica gel column chromatography eluted with n-Hexane-EtOAc (45:55) yielded compound 3 (25 mg).
The antibacterial activity of the crude extract, fractions and compounds was assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution method as previously described [
The structures of compounds 2, 3, and 4 were determined on the basis of the spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data as djalonenol [
Compound 1 was isolated as brown oil and its high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrum (HRESIMS) showed a pseudomolecular ion peak [M + Na]+ at m/z 221.0789 (calcd 221.0784) consistent with the molecular formula C10H14O4, indicating four degrees of unsaturation. The infra-red (IR) spectrum indicated the presence of carbonyl group due to absorption band at 1750 cm−1. Its 1H-NMR spectrum exhibited a signal at δ 4.42 (dd, 1H, J = 2.2, 9.2 Hz, H-8) characteristic of an acetalic proton. In addition, this spectrum showed an olefinic proton signal at δ 7.40 (m, 1H, H-4), one methoxy group at δ 3.48 (8-OCH3) while those at δ 2.67 (m, 1H, H-6), 4.07 (m, 1H, H-10eq), 3.61 (m, 1H, H-10ax), 1.84 (m, 1H, H-11eq), 1.52 (m, 1H, H-11ax), 2.07 (m, 1H, H-7eq), 1.39 (m, 1H, H-7ax), 4.85 (m, 2H, H-5) were respectively attributed to one methine and four methylenes. The 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 1 combined with the HSQC experiment indicated the presence of one ester carbonyl (δ 174.5), two olefinic carbons (δ 145.8, 135.5), one acetal carbon at δ 102.6 which is confirmed by the correlation (HSQC) between carbon C-8 and the proton at δ 4.42 (dd, 1H, J = 9.2; 2.2 Hz, H-8). This spectrum also exhibited four methylenes (δ 70.8, 64.3, 35.5, 29.6), one methine (δ 31.3), and a methoxy group (δ 55.1). The 2J and 3J correlations observed on 1H-1H COSY and HMBC spectra allowed to determine and assign the 1H and 13C resonances of compound 1 which was shown to have a butenolide and a 2-methoxytetrahydropyran-4-yl moiety [
The isolated compounds were screened for their antimicrobial properties against five bacterial strains (two Gram positive: Staphylococcus aureus 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 25922 and three Gram negative: Escherichia coli ATCC51299, Proteus mirabilis (isolate), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa QC76110), but none of them showed significant activity.
Compound (1)—Brown oil, [ α ] D 28 : −0.3 (c 0.7, MeCN). IR νmax cm−1: 2956, 2927, 1750, 1447, 1392, 1252, 1124; 1H NMR (CD3OD, 600 MHz): 13C NMR (CD3OD, 150 MHz): see
Position | 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
δH | δC | HMBC | |||
1 | - | - | - | ||
2 | - | 174.5 | - | ||
3 | - | 135.5 | C-5 | ||
4 | 7.40 (m) | 145.8 | C-2, 3, 5, 6 | ||
5 | 4.85 (m) | 70.8 | C-2 | ||
6 | 2.67 (m) | 31.3 | C-3 | ||
7eq, 7ax | 2.07 (m), 1.39 (m) | 35.5 | |||
8 | 4.42 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.2 Hz) | 102.6 | OCH3 | ||
9 | - | - | |||
10eq, 10ax | 4.07 (m), 3.61 (m) | 64.3 | C-8 | ||
11eq, 11ax | 1.84 (m), 1.52 (m) | 29.6 | |||
OCH3 | 3.48 (s) | 55.1 | C-8 | ||
Djalonenol (2)—Amorphous powder, [ α ] D 28 : 0.9 (c 0.4, MeCN). IR νmax cm−1: 3408, 2921, 1715, 1473, 1402, 1312, 1207, 1073; 1H-NMR (CD3OD, 600 MHz) δ; 5.79 (m, 1H, H-7), 5.19 (m, 2H, H-9), 4.35 (m, 1H, H-6b), 4.33 (m, 1H, H-6a), 3.98 (dd, 1H, J = 3.9, 10.8 Hz, H-11b), 3.75 (dd, 1H, J = 3.9, 10.8 Hz, H-11a), 3.64 (m, 2H, H-10), 2.71 (m, 1H, H-3), 2.31 (m, 1H, H-4), 2.30 (m, 1H, H-8), 2.00 (m, 1H, H-5b), 1.75 (m, 1H, H-5a); 13C-NMR (CD3OD, 150 MHz) δ, 179.6 (C=O), 137.5 (C-7), 117.0 (C-9), 67.6 (C-6), 64.2 (C-11), 62.7 (C-10), 51.2 (C-3), 48.5 (C-3), 35.2 (C-4), 25.8 (C-5); HRESIMS m/z: 223.0946 (calcd for C10H16O4, 223.0941).
Decussatin 1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3)—yellow powder. 1H-NMR (CD3OD, 600 MHz) δ; 7.54 (d, 1H, J = 9.2 Hz, H-6), 7.29 (d, 1H, J = 9.2 Hz, H-5), 6.77 (d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz, H-2), 6.75 (d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz, H-4), 4.92 (d, 1H, J = 7.7 Hz, H-1’), 3.88 (s, 3H, 3-OCH3), 3.86 (s, 3H, 7-OCH3), 3.81 (s, 3H, 8-OCH3), 3.74 (m, 1H, H-6’a), 3.48 (m, 1H, H-6’b), 3.41 (m, 1H, H-5’), 3.40 (m, 1H, H-2’), 3.31 (m, 1H, H-3’), 3.18 (m, 1H, H-4’),13C-NMR (CD3OD, 150 MHz) δ, 175.0 (C=O), 164.6 (C-3), 159.6 (C-1), 158.2 (C-4a), 149.7 (C-7), 149.5 (C-5a), 147.8 (C-8), 120.0 (C-6), 117.9 (C-8a), 112.7 (C-5), 107.9 (C-9a), 103.3 (C-1’), 100.8 (C-2), 95.3 (C-4), 78.1 (C-5’), 76.5 (C-3’), 73.9 (C-2’), 70.3 (C-4’), 61.3 (C-6’), 61.2 (8-OCH3), 57.0 (7-OCH3), 56.5 (3-OCH3).
Dotriacontanoic acid (4)—White powder. 1H-NMR (CD3OD, 600 MHz) δ; 2.50 (t, 2H, H-2), 1.78 (m, 2H, H-3), 1.30 (m, 2H, H-4), 1.25 (m, 2H, H-5), 1.29 (s, 48H, (CH2)12), 1.18 (m, 2H, H-30), 1.22 (m, 2H, H-31), 0.83 (m, 2H, H-32), 13C-NMR (CD3OD, 150 MHz) δ, 175.9 (C=O), 34.7 (C-2), 25.4 (C-3), 29.4 (C-4), 29.6 (C-5), 29.8 ((CH2)24), 29.4 (C-30), 22.7 (C-31), 14.1 (C-32).
In summary, this study presents the isolation and characterization of a new secoiridoid derivative, anthocleistenolide B from the leaves and bark of A. liebrechtsiana together with the monoterpene diol, djalonenol, the xanthone O-glycoside decussatin 1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and the fatty acid dotriacontanoic acid. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR) and mass spectrometric data. The isolated compounds were screened for their antimicrobial properties against five strains of bacteria but none of them showed significant activity. Based on the results of our previous and present investigations on the bark and leaves of A. liebrechtsiana, further studies need to be undertaken in view of isolating the antimicrobial active principles of this plant since its EtOAc extract had shown a significant antimicrobial activity [
The authors are grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH), Bonn, Germany for the financial support of this work. We thank the Rhineland Palatinate Center of Natural Products Research (Mainz), for funding part of the analytical chemistry involved.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Ngouafong, F.T., Tchuenguem, R.T., Kühlborn, J., Tchegnitegni, B.T., Ponou, B.K., Teponno, R.B., Dzoyem, J.P., Opatz, T. and Tapondjou, L.A. (2019) Anthocleistenolide B, a New Secoiridoid from Anthocleista liebrechtsiana De Wild & T. Durand. Advances in Biological Chemistry, 9, 135-142. https://doi.org/10.4236/abc.2019.94010