The use of organic waste in agriculture has been used aiming at greater productivity, decrease in the cost of production and sustainable use of resources. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of phosphate fertilization with the maintenance of organomineral fertilizers, combining poultry manure and soluble or reactive phosphate, in the production of grains in corn culture and the residual effect for subsequent crops of beans and soybeans. The experiment was conducted in Sete Lagoas , MG, in 2015, using three fertilizers with sources of different phosphorus sources (triple super phosphate—STP, organomineral with STP and organomineral with Bayovar phosphate) applied at the doses of 65, 130, 195 and 260 kg·ha¯1 of P2O5 total, and compared to the control without phosphate fertilization. We evaluated the contents of foliar P, P accumulation in the grains, yields of corn grains, beans and soy, accumulated productivity and export of accumulated P of the three cultures. The three cultures assessed presented higher productivity when compared to the average of the factorial treatments that received phosphate fertilization relative to the control. Organomineral fertilizers increased grain production, obtaining average productivity equal to or greater than those obtained with the exclusive use of STP.
Aiming at a sustainable agriculture, it is becoming increasingly necessary to use systems capable of providing greater productivity, and coupled with the efficiency in the supply of nutrients [
The use of organic waste in fertilization is an attractive possibility from the economic and environmental point of view. The recycling of nutrients contained in organic matters accessible to the farmer is an alternative to the application of conventional fertilizers of high cost, in addition to minimizing the chance of pollution by incorrect waste disposal generated in agricultural activities [
The Brazilian production of broilers in 2015 was 13 million tons [
One promising option is the use of organic waste in the production of organomineral fertilizers. According to the normative No. 23 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, of August 31, 2005, organomineral fertilizer is the product derived from the physical mixture or combination of mineral and organic sources of nutrients. These fertilizers should contain the primary macronutrients (N, P, K) or their sum (NP, NK, PK or NPK) in a content of at least 10%. To meet the legislation, one may add sources of phosphorus, nitrogen or potassium to organomineral fertilizers.
In order to meet the grain producing market, Embrapa has developed a technology for production of granular organomineral fertilizers from poultry manure with highest concentration of nutrients, due to low use of these fertilizers for this sector [
The Brazilian soils present low natural availability of phosphorus and large amounts of these fertilizers are used containing this nutrient, in order to compensate for the ability to drain the soil, which is a lot larger than that of the plant [
The characteristics of phosphorus sources may influence the agronomic efficacy of fertilization, which is also affected by soil conditions such as the initial level of fertility, the texture, the history of fertilization and crop management. Reactive natural phosphates are phosphorus sources that have intermediate solubility between soluble P sources (as in the example of triple superphosphate) and the Brazilian rock natural phosphates [
It is possible that the incorporation of phosphorus sources to an organic base to obtain organomineral fertilizers modifies its typical behavior in soil, impacting on the efficiency of its utilization by crops. According to Kiehl [
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of phosphate fertilization with the maintenance of organomineral fertilizers, combining poultry manure and soluble or reactive phosphate, in the production of grains in corn culture and the residual effect for subsequent crops of beans and soybeans, on latosol of the Central Region of Minas Gerais.
The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Corn and Sorghum (latitude 19˚28'36''S, longitude 44˚11'53''W and altitude 732 m), in Sete Lagoas, MG, The climate, according to Köppen’s (1948) classification, is of the Cwa type (dry winter and hot summer), annual average temperature of 21.75˚C and annual average rain of 1.345 mm.
The soil is classified as very clayey dystrophic Red Latosol (66%), having already been cultivated and fertilized for several years, and the area was fallow (spontaneous vegetation) for 5 years prior to the implementation of the experiment.
Preceding the installation of the experiment, a scarifier was used 25 cm deep and the application of 2.5 ton∙ha−1 of lime and 2 ton∙ha−1 of agricultural plaster was used, both embedded with both plowing grid. Then there were applied 200 kg∙ha−1 mixture of potassium chloride and FTE BR 12 at a ratio of 3:1, ending with a harrowing leveler.
Fertility conditions in the 0 - 20 cm layer of depth, before the installation of the experiment were: pH in water 5.9; organic matter 3.6 dag∙kg−1; contents of P and K (Mehlich 1) of 6 and 105 mg∙dm−3, respectively; Ca, Mg, Al, H + Al and CTC potential of 4.4, 0.8, 0.0, 4.3, and 9.8 cmolc∙dm−3, respectively; and saturation by bases (V%) of 53%.
Organomineral phosphate fertilizers were produced from physical processes for drying and grinding for particle size reduction of the residues of poultry manure, being added in the process the sources of phosphorus and other nutrients to achieve the desirable organomineral fertilizers.
The experimental delimitation used was casual blocks, in factorial scheme 3 × 4 + 1, with four blocks. The first factor corresponded to three sources of phosphorus: triple superphosphate (STP, with 44% of P2O5 total); OBAY, organomineral based on poultry manure with reactive Bayovar phosphate (16.3% of total P2O5 total) and OSTP, organomineral with super triple (13.4% of total P2O5). The second factor consisted of doses of 65, 130, 195 and 260 kg∙ha−1 of P2O5 total. As additional treatment, a control without phosphate fertilization was used.
The treatments consisted of maintenance phosphate fertilization for corn culture, being the residual effect evaluated in subsequent crops of beans and soy. For application of the treatments, the quantities of P sources were distributed manually on the plots, in grooves spaced 50 cm, open with tractor implement. After covering the compost with a thin layer of soil, corn seeds were deposited by hand and covered with another layer of soil. The sowing of the corn (DKB 390 PRO) was held in the first half of January 2015.
The crops which came afterwards were established at the same spacing between lines of plants without soil tickler, using mechanized seeder with lines overlapping the location of deposition of corn phosphate fertilization. Thereby, the beans (BRS Style) were seeded in the second fortnight of July and the soybeans (BRS 7780 IPRO) in the second half of November 2015. The density of the plants was 60,000, 290,000 and 300,000 for corn, beans and soybeans, respectively. In all cultures, each plot was made up of four lines of seven meters long, considering as useful area the two centerlines, discarding one meter surrounding at the ends.
Fertilizing in coverage for the supply of N and/or K was made manually, beside the lines of crops, with no incorporation. Corn received 200 kg∙ha−1 of urea at 19 days after sowing (DAS) and at 27 DAS, plus 300 kg∙ha−1 of NPK formulate 20-00-20. For the beans, two fertilizations were held, the first at 26 DAS with 200 kg∙ha−1 of NPK 20-00-20 and the second at 40 DAS with 200 kg∙ha−1 of ammonium sulfate. Soybeans received inoculation with rhizobium and the fertilization was held at 17 DAS with 100 kg∙ha−1 of K2O, in the form of potassium chloride.
In all crops, supplementary irrigation was used through conventional spraying. The control of weeds, pests and diseases was made whenever necessary, by means of constant monitoring.
Among the reviews of the experiment, soil sampling was made at the beginning of the cycle of corn (at 26 DAS), collecting with auger samples in lines and in between lines of fertilization in each plot, at a depth of 0 - 10 cm. The samples sent to the laboratory were composed by five simple samples and analyzed as to the contents of P available by extractors Mehlich 1 and by Ion Exchange Resin, as per methodologies described by Silva [
At the flowering of each of the three cultures, samples were collected for the determination of the contents of phosphorus, as per methodologies described by Malavolta [
The harvest was carried out manually in the useful area of the lots. Moisture and weight of the grains were established, correcting the productivity to 13% moisture. Grain samples were dried in an oven with forced air circulation at 60˚C - 70˚C until reaching constant mass, and analyzed as to the content of P as per Malavolta et al. [
The data were subjected to variance analysis and, when there were significant differences in function of the treatments (F test), Tukey test was applied or a regression analysis was conducted, with the assistance of SISVAR statistical program [
P contents available in the soil at the initial phase of the cycle of corn (26 DAS), determined with ion exchange resin and by the Mehlich 1 Extractor, were influenced by the doses of the nutrient in the lines of planting (
There was linear increment of the availability in the line of plants with the increase of the doses of phosphorus (
There was difference between the sources regarding the Mehlich 1 P, but not in relation to the P resin (
Source | DF | Average square | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Line | Between line | PF Corn | PF Bean | PF Soy | ||||
P Mehlich | P Resin | P Mehlich | P Resin | |||||
Fertilizer (F) | 2 | 53,298.0** | 1614.2 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
Dose (D) | 3 | 73,455.7** | 18,337.9** | 0.9 | 7.4 | 0.3** | 0.1 | 0.3 |
F*D | 6 | 11,644.1 | 1745.8 | 2.8 | 25.3 | 0.1* | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Fat* Add | 1 | 72,654.4** | 38,778.1** | 16.4* | 0.0 | 0.4** | 0.3 | 4.0** |
Treat | 12 | 39,123.5** | 8957.9** | 3.6 | 15.0 | 0.2** | 0.1 | 0.48** |
Block | 3 | 3454.6 | 1162.4 | 9.8* | 9.6 | 0.2* | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Error | 36 | 7431.0 | 1322.3 | 2.5 | 32.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Total | 51 | |||||||
C.V. (%) | 63.5 | 32.6 | 20.5 | 23.0 | 7.9 | 11.6 | 10.8 | |
Average | 135.7 | 111.5 | 7.8 | 23.0 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.1 |
**significant at 1%; *significant at 5% by test F.
treatment containing reactive phosphate (OBAY) presented value of 211 mg∙dm−3 of P Mehlich 1 analysis, surpassing significantly the contents of 101 and 127 mg∙dm−3 quantified in treatments with the super triple soluble phosphate applied pure (STP) or added to source organomineral the (OSTP), respectively, which probably results from the characteristic of this method of analysis, to overestimate the levels of P available in soils fertilized with natural phosphates, as in the case of the treatment that it received the reactive phosphate of Bayóvar in one of the evaluated sources.
The application of reactive natural phosphates generates the possibility of excessive dissolution of phosphorus by acid extractors, which react preferentially with forms of phosphorus bound to calcium, resulting in a low relation with the absorption by the plants. Ion exchange resin has properties that allow the quantification of the labile phosphorus only [
In general, the results of availability of P in the soil, depending on the fertilization treatments and extractors used in this work, are also consistent with findings of other studies. Evaluating the agronomic efficacy of phosphates in soil with high exchangeable calcium content, Souza et al. [
Only for the culture of corn, foliar phosphorus content reflected significant interaction between the sources and the doses used. The crop of soy presented P values greater than the average of the factorial (sources × doses) compared to the control (
In the development of the interaction in corn (
The low impact of phosphate fertilization on corn on foliar P levels in this study reveals that the history of fertility management can have great influence on potential short-term response to new applications in clay soils of the Cerrado region. By all indications, since this is a very old land culture, the basic level of availability of P in the experimental area and the contribution of other compartments of the nutrient eventually not captured in the analysis of the soil prevented the clear expression of effects of the treatments. Thus, even in the case of a recent fertilization located in the groove of the sowing, with sources that in principle could have a distinct behavior, and provided in contrasting dosages, the previous condition of fertility built end up by masking the answers usually expected.
In this sense, the results obtained differ from literature reports. For example, Frandoloso et al. [
with very rich composition in organic matter promoted mineralization of organic matter and lower phosphorus fixation, making it more available to plants as compared to chemical fertilizer.
In the subsequent cultivation of beans, the foliar phosphorus content for the average fertilization treatments of factorial was 3.02 g∙kg−1, while the control treatment showed 2.75 g∙kg−1 content. Both values are in the range of sufficiency for the culture, which according to Ambrosano et al. [
In the third crop, with soy over the residual phosphate fertilization provided initially, foliar P contents were 3.22 and 2.17 g∙kg−1 for the average of factorial treatments and control treatment, respectively. In this case, the control without fertilization was below of the range of sufficiency of 2.5 to 5.0 g∙kg−1 for the culture of soy [
Foliar analysis data show that the phosphorus applied in corn culture, independent of the source and even in the smallest doses, was enough to cover the development of subsequent crops. Assuming an initial condition of soil with adequate availability and considering that the demand by plants is not high, the three crops carried out after the phosphate fertilization haven’t yet identified major differences among the treatments. In addition, part of the P absorbed by plants is retained in the fodder, being stored in organic forms, which may contribute to the supply of the nutrient for the subsequent crops [
All cultures showed higher productivity for the average factorial with fertilization relative to the control (
Source | DF | Average square | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corn | Beans | Soybean | Accumulated | ||||||
PG | Prod. | PG | Prod. | PG | Prod. | Prod. | Exp. | ||
Fertilizer (F) | 2 | 9.8 | 409,852.3 | 68.3** | 2,631,192.7** | 5.2 | 120,427.4 | 4,240,846.1 | 129.6* |
Dose (D) | 3 | 12.3 | 956,441.0 | 27.6** | 873,029.6* | 14.2 | 129,914.2 | 2,127,728.3 | 121.0** |
F*D | 6 | 11.4* | 1,066,072.8 | 1.8 | 35,219.6 | 2.2 | 57,230.3 | 1,115,161.0 | 19.7 |
Fat* Adic | 1 | 30.3* | 13,051,373.6** | 112.7** | 6,948,547.9** | 97.6** | 1,666,036.1** | 56,842,999.9** | 676.5** |
Trat | 12 | 12.9* | 1,928,069.8* | 28.6** | 1,253,445.0** | 13.7* | 220,001.3 | 6,533,236.9** | 118.1** |
Block | 3 | 18.6* | 1,269,718.5 | 9.2 | 191,643.5 | 9.7 | 126,374.6 | 747,322.9 | 14.5 |
Error | 36 | 4.7 | 718,442.5 | 5.0 | 226,751.3 | 5.8 | 122,798.3 | 1,555,601.4 | 24.8 |
Total | 51 | ||||||||
C.V. (%) | 8.77 | 6.56 | 21.24 | 17.77 | 15.07 | 12.42 | 6.77 | 9.70 | |
Average | 24.8 | 12,924.8 | 10.5 | 2679.5 | 16.0 | 2821.8 | 18,426.6 | 51.4 |
**significant at 1%; *significant at 5% by F test.
For corn, the average productivity of grain of factorial treatments was 13,069 kg∙ha−1, with 1880 kg∙ha−1 increment compared to the control treatment without phosphate fertilization. This result reinforces the need and importance of maintenance fertilization for corn, even when the initial availability of P is interpreted as appropriate, although there was no significant effect of increasing doses of P nor differences between the sources studied. Thus, one can infer that, for greater safety and stability of production, the scaling of maintenance fertilization on soil of good fertility must be good essential criteria to ensure at least the replacement of the phosphorus that is exported with the harvesting of the grain.
The bean plant nourished from the residual effect of the treatments had increased productivity linearly with increasing doses of P that had been applied to the first corn crop (
For the third culture, with soy, there was a statistically significant addition of 672 ha−1 in the average productivity of the treatments that received phosphate fertilization (2873 kg∙ha−1) in relation to the control (2201 kg∙ha−1). The average productivity of 13,069 kg∙ha−1 of corn, 2785 kg∙ha−1 of beans and 2873 kg∙ha−1 of soy, in the treatments that received phosphate fertilization, were superior to the averages of these cultures in the state of Minas Gerais [
The fact only beans present different productivity gains in function of sources and doses of P can be connected to this culture having been sown soon after the corn crop, possibly being more benefitted than the soy culture. Ramos et al. [
The accumulated grain productivity of the three crops was significantly higher in factorial average relative to the control without phosphate fertilization; however,
Fertilizers | Beans | |
---|---|---|
Productivity (kg∙ha−1) | P accumulated grains (kg∙ha−1) | |
OBAY | 2448 b | 9.48 b |
STP | 2671 b | 9.99 b |
OSTP | 3235 a | 13.29 a |
Averages followed by same letters in columns do not differ between themselves, but rather by Tukey test at 5%.
it was not possible to confirm effects of sources and doses, as well as their interaction (
In a manner consistent with the answers in productivity, the amount of phosphorus accumulated in grain was superior to the average of the factorial relative to the control in the three crops evaluated (
There was no linear effect on the amount of phosphorus accumulated in corn grain according to the doses of P2O5 when using fertilizer OBAY (
The P accumulated in the bean grains increased linearly with the increase of the doses of P2O5 (
A possible explanation for the superiority of the residual effect of OSTP may be connected to higher solubility of the super triple and benefits conditioned in addition by the organic portion of the organomineral fertilizer. Organic matter protects the solubilized phosphorus from the fertilizer, inhibiting the reactions of fixation of the element with iron oxides and aluminum present in soils [
In soybeans, the accumulation of P in grains was 16.5 and 11.3 kg∙ha−1 for the average of the factorial and control treatments, respectively. The magnitude observed in the experiment was 11.3 to 18.9 kg∙ha−1, with a tendency of the largest doses with the OSTP fertilizer favoring nutrient accumulation in grains. These values are below those found for Lacerda et al. [
The sum of the accumulation in the grains in each crop indicates export of phosphorus by the succession of three cultures. This total exportation was bigger for the average of the factorial in relation to the control, having still an isolated effect of the fertilizing factors and doses (
The total export data by the three crops in succession give indications that there were variations in the amounts of phosphorus absorbed as per the various treatments, which, however, are not reflected in the same way in the accumulated productivity. The use of supplementary irrigation in the experiment certainly mitigates any differences relating to nutritional factors, contributing to level the responses to phosphate fertilization on soil that already has considerable reserves of the nutrient. Under these conditions, maintenance fertilization with organomineral fertilizers containing soluble or reactive phosphate had performance comparable to that of the triple superphosphate reference source.
Considering the productivity of the bean plant, and total export of P in the three crops, as indicators of the supply potential of phosphorus by the sources, the superiority of the organomineral fertilizer is highlighted combining poultry manure with super triple soluble phosphate.
The maintenance phosphate fertilization is necessary for increased productivity in the system of corn/soya/bean succession in soil with appropriate initial availability of P.
The use of organomineral sources combining poultry manure and soluble or reactive phosphates has technical efficiency comparable to that of the triple superphosphate in the fertilizer reference system.
The maintenance phosphate fertilization provided for corn presents enough residual effect to meet the nutritional demand of subsequent crops of beans and soy.
The bean plant expresses linear gain in productivity with the increase in the supply of P and differentiated response to the nutrient sources. For this culture, the organomineral fertilizer based on poultry manure and triple superphosphate has superior performance to that of other sources.
Martins, D.C., Resende, Á.V., Galvão, J.C.C., Simão, E.P., Ferreira, J.P.C. and Almeida, G.O. (2017) Organomineral Phosphorus Fertilization in the Production of Corn, Soybean and Bean Cultivated in Succession. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 8, 2407-2421. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2017.810163