A review of entrepreneurship literature suggests that entrepreneurial activities are the most important drivers for economic growth. The study sought to determine the predictors that bring about entrepreneurship for artisans and craftsmen in Kumasi Metropolis. Primary data were gathered from artisans and craftsmen in the market and firms through questionnaires in a criteria-based random survey. The findings of the study revealed the determinant factors of individual, firm and the environmental issues as predictors for the sampled respondents. The determinants were also ranked in relative importance and highlighted the challenges faced by the artisans and craftsmen in Kumasi Metropolis. The study recommends that necessary attention should be given to high ranked determinants so as to increase entrepreneurial processes and activities to alleviate poverty from Kumasi Metropolis through stimulation of economic growth, employment generation, and organizations empowerment.
According to [
The subject of entrepreneurship however suggests that three key factors must exist for entrepreneurial processes and activities such as opportunities identification and subsequent development of opportunities to evolve. These are individual, firm, and environmental capabilities. Available literature maintains that individuals are the main carriers of entrepreneurial activities and processes. Individuals bring together the factors of entrepreneurship and also bear all the risks involved in entrepreneurship. Without the initiation of an individual in entrepreneurship, there will be no entrepreneurial activity [
Artisans and craftsmen are known as individuals with special skills for manual production of products. They are gifted so much that they can make products from simple materials. This sector provides work to majority of people in the developing country but most of these people live in poverty [
Enterprise can be explained as business set up which is operated by individuals and often found within the size range of Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs). Entrepreneur represents an individual ability and attitude to spot, create and exploit business opportunities to create wealth through the use of innovation, imagination, and risk-taking. The entrepreneur creates and operates the enterprise, and in doing so displays the characteristic of entrepreneurship [
Entrepreneurs are frequently thought to be individuals who discover market needs and launch new firms to meet those needs. They are risk takers who provide an impetus for change, innovation, and progress in economic life, [
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The main challenge associated to the individual is his inability to upgrade himself through training. The training that an individual may attain to broaden his horizon include marketing, production, customer care and technical. Little or no knowledge in such areas will greatly affect the entrepreneurial activities. The firm’s associated challenges includes; inability to supply the needed resources for entrepreneurial activities, inability to give the enabling environment for entrepreneurial activities and inability to give the needed training to employees. The challenges associated with the environment are numerous. These include unsupportive policies for entrepreneurial activity growth, difficult access to capital, ineffective patent laws, unavailability of patents, unstable consumers’ taste and tariffs. Technological forces are also a major challenge to entrepreneurial activities and processes.
The individual capacities, the firm variables and the environmental variables that influence new business start- up, grow and sustain it are discussed below.
Lot of factors cause an individual to start up a new company; introduces a new product, services and a new market. These factors are grouped into psychological factors (personal traits) and non-psychological factors (capability set) as cited by [
The following factors were stated by [
The types of environment which entrepreneurial activities and processes take place affect its success [
[
Other principal factors that entrepreneurs consider before entering entrepreneurial processes and activities include labour market regulations, government fiscal environment, administrative complexities, patent, licensing and bankruptcy law, education and skills upgrading [
The target population for the study was artisans and craftsmen in the Kumasi Metropolis. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used for the study. The first stage of the sampling selected Kumasi Metropolis purposively, mainly of its profile; it is the second largest city in Ghana and most commercial center in the Region and houses the rich culture of Ghana and all forms of artisans and craftsmen with great history and tradition. The second stage was the selection of the twelve (12) towns within the Metropolis for the study. The final stage was the selection of eleven (11) types of businesses with allocated target for each business as shown in
The criteria that influence the sample size was that the artisan or craftsman business should be classified under small and medium scale enterprises and it should have been operated for at least two years. The business owner should have skills for at least one of the artifact he/she sells. Also individuals who worked in firms or construction should have been with the firm for at least two years.
Location of Business | Number | Type of Business | Number |
---|---|---|---|
Kejetia | 2 | Mechanics | 3 |
Bantama | 3 | Metal Works | 2 |
Adum | 3 | Construction | 2 |
Asuofia Asaman | 1 | Carpentry & Furniture | 4 |
Tech Junction | 3 | Hair Artist | 3 |
Top High | 1 | Art & Craft | 8 |
Asokwa | 3 | Dress Making | 3 |
Suame | 3 | Bag Making | 2 |
Atonsu | 6 | Baking | 1 |
Ahinsan | 2 | Catering | 1 |
Ntensere | 1 | Clay Work | 1 |
Ahwia | 1 | - | - |
Total | 29 | Total | 30 |
Source: Author’s construct, September 2014.
A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the entrepreneurship factors at the individual, firm and the environmental level. The questionnaire consists of three parts: the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, determinants of entrepreneurship and its challenges. A Likert scale was used to measure these pertinent constructs of the questionnaire.
A Likert scale was used to indicate the responses from the respondents to measure the individual, firm and environmental determinants of entrepreneurship. The results were presented using percentages, mean values, standard deviations and Relative Importance Index (RII). The mean values, standard deviations as well as the RII were calculated using the five point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree and 5 = strongly agree). The questionnaires were administered in the form of a face-to-face interview. The interview proved essential because of the low literacy level of the respondents and the sensitivity of the subject matter under study.
We acknowledge that, considering the cultural and geographical spread of the artisans and the craftsmen sector in the Metropolis, the survey may not be representative of either the Metropolis or Ghana at the national scale. Nevertheless, it does provide cross-sectional data of various artisans and craftsmen in the informal work and is one of the first surveys to explore the determinants of entrepreneurship of artisans and craftsmen in informal work in Ghana.
The analysis was aided by the use of Statistical Package for the Services Solution (SPSS) where the scores assigned to each factor by the respondents were entered and consequently the responses from the questionnaires were subjected to statistical analysis for further insight. The results were presented using percentages, mean values, standard deviation and Relative Importance Index (RII). The standard deviation measures the degree of deviation to theme/statement outline while mean is the degree of consensus to the theme/statement outline. The contribution of each of the factors to overall determinants of individual, firm and the environment was examined and the ranking of the attributes in terms of their criticality as perceived by the respondents was done by the use of Relative Importance Index (RII) which was computed using Equation (1).
where:
W = weights given to each factor by the respondents and will range from 1 to 5 with “1” being less significant and “5” being extremely significant;
A = highest weight on the Likert scale (i.e.: 5 in our case), and;
N = total number of respondents.
Twenty-three (23) out of the thirty (30) respondents were males representing 76.7% constituted the majority whereas seven (7) of the respondents representing 23.3% were females. The skewed resulted in favour of male may be attributed to the nature of the job. The dominance of men over women from the information gathered attributed to the fact that running your own business is demanding, hard work and time consuming, therefore it needs people who are very strong, smart and mentality strong. In the Kumasi Metropolis majority of the females are into selling and buying of goods and services to sustain their families. On the educational level, the results indicated that fifteen (15) out of thirty respondents representing 50% had Secondary education, whilst nine (9) of the respondents representing 30% had Tertiary education and six (6) had primary education representing 20%. The low level qualification here shows education in the formal setting is not everything as vocational skills based on creativity and innovation is the bases of the craftsmen and artisans secret to success.
The businesses are metal works, construction, carpentry, hair stylist, art & craft, dress making, bag making, baking, catering and clay work. This shows a well distributed survey. The location of the various businesses also show a wide spread of this survey. It also gives an idea about the concentration of some particular works. This can be related to the fact that such businesses shall be concentrated in particular area especially works like hair making and dress making. The number of years of operation of a business can be an indication that they are doing the right things right that is why they are still in business. The result depicts that 18(60%) falls within the range of (1 - 10 years) while 9(30%) represents (11 - 20 years). The generational businesses made 3(10%) of the respondents. On the age of the respondents (25 - 34 years) was the dominant one with 66.7% representing 20 respondents while the rest had 33.3%, it is difficult to tell if they are genuine entrepreneurs or situation has pushed them into that field due to lack of formal employment opportunities.
Explanation of the Columns in the Tables in This StudyIn order to answer the questions, a statement was made for the respondent to give the extent of agreement or disagreement on the factors that determine entrepreneurial processes and activities for the individual, the firm and the environment as well as the challenges. This was rank and weighted as: Strongly Agree (SA) = 1; Agree (A) = 2; Not Sure (N) = 3; Disagree (D) = 4; Strongly Disagree (SD) = 5.
Relative Importance Index was used to rank the different factors in the three determinants as well as the challenges. To measure the relative importance of each factor or variable used, indices of range 0.85 - 1.00 = High importance; 0.61 - 0.84 = Medium importance; 0.00 - 0.60 = Low importance. The three (3) topmost ranked factors or variables of high importance, according to the calculated RII, are discussed to throw further light on the drivers of entrepreneurial processes and activities in Kumasi Metropolis.
Variable | SA | A | N | D | SD | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal traits | 16(53%) | 8(27%) | 4(13%) | 0 | 2(7%) | 30 |
Desire for profit | 15(50%) | 10(33%) | 2(7%) | 2(7%) | 1(3%) | 30 |
Skills, knowledge and prior experience | 9(30%) | 18(61%) | 1(3%) | 1(3%) | 1(3%) | 30 |
Social ties and network | 8(27%) | 10(33%) | 4(13%) | 3(10%) | 5(17%) | 30 |
Parental work background | 6(20%) | 5(17%) | 4(13%) | 4(13%) | 11(37%) | 30 |
Source: Field Data, September 2014.
From the result (
The result shows that 50% of the respondents strongly agreed to the fact that the desire for profit will make them start entrepreneurial processes and activities and 33% of the respondents also agreed to this same fact. Even though it can be confirmed that desire for profit lead people into entrepreneurship, it should be noted that about 10% disputed this fact. 10% of the populations also were not sure if profit will lead them into entrepreneurship. Desire for profit and increase individuals’ income is confirmed as a non-psychological factor that causes entrepreneurship in individuals [
A 60% of the respondents agree that skills, knowledge and prior experience drive entrepreneurial processes and activities in an individual per the analysis. But 30% strongly agree to this fact insinuating that without those factors an individual cannot start any entrepreneurial processes and activities. A 3% of the respondents strongly disagreed to this, the reason being that people buy and sell products they have no skills, knowledge or prior experience on. Another 3% also disagreed to this fact. The remaining 3% were not certain if this will really affect entrepreneurship. This confirms the works of [
Result shows that social ties and network were established by 60% of the respondents that it influenced their ability to start entrepreneurial processes and activities, with 27% out of the 60% strongly agreeing to this fact. A 27% of the respondents disagree that social ties and network will make them go into entrepreneurial processes and activities. 17% out of the 27% strongly oppose to this fact. 13% of the respondents neither agree nor disagree to this fact. They believe to some extent social ties and network can lead an individual into entrepreneurship but on the other hand the fact that they are not investing funds into the business, they cannot affect one’s ability to be entrepreneurial. It can be deduced from this analysis that social ties and network drives entrepreneurship based on the 60% of the sample size which confirms this from the literature review [
Parental work background in the case of entrepreneurship from the analysis did not cause majority of the respondents into starting entrepreneurial processes and activities even though 20% strongly agreed and 17% also agreed to this fact. The majority is made up of 50% of the respondents who strongly disagreed and disagreed to this fact. 13% of the respondents neither agree nor disagree to this fact. 50% of the sample size disagreement insinuates that parental work background does not drive entrepreneurship. Though [
The result (
Variable | SA | A | N | D | SD | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Company policy support | 0 | 19(64%) | 10(33%) | 1(3%) | 0 | 30 |
Top management support | 1(3%) | 18(61%) | 10(33%) | 0 | 1(3%) | 30 |
Department competition | 0 | 7(23%) | 18(61%) | 4(13%) | 1(3%) | 30 |
Firm motivation or reward | 4(13%) | 7(23%) | 10(33%) | 6(20%) | 3(10%) | 30 |
Source: Field Data, September 2014.
The result (
From the result majority of the artisans and craftsmen neither agree nor disagree (60%) that department or workers who are grouped to carry out a particular job in a firm or business brings about competition which lead to innovativeness. Others had no idea about it since they worked alone. A 23% of the respondents agreed to it that when workers are put in department they compete among themselves which bring out innovation. Others thus 13% and 3% disagree and strongly disagree respectively to this statement. There was no one in this sample who strongly agreed to this statement. Comparing the number of people who disagree to those who agreed, this factor is marginally confirms as a determining factor for entrepreneurship.
The result shows that 13% of the sampled respondents strongly agreed plus 23% agreed that a form of motivation or reward bring out the entrepreneurship in them, the managers also noticed it causes them to receive new ideas and ways from their employees, trainees or apprentice. A 10% who strongly disagreed plus a 20% who also disagreed that motivation or reward does not bring about innovativeness. Some managers think they made their input in the final works so there is no need to motivate workers and their ability to bring new product is a good training for their career. 33% of the respondents were not sure whether motivation or reward causes any difference in being innovative. [
Variable | SA | A | N | D | SD | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accessing financial assistance | 20(67%) | 7(23%) | 2(7%) | 1(3%) | 0 | 30 |
Patent | 5(17%) | 8(27%) | 13(43%) | 1(3%) | 3(10%) | 30 |
Taxes and subsidies | 14(47%) | 11(36%) | 2(7%) | 0 | 3(10%) | 30 |
Infrastructure | 9(30%) | 10(33%) | 6(20%) | 2(7%) | 3(10%) | 30 |
Economic stability | 17(57%) | 12(40%) | 1(3%) | 0 | 0 | 30 |
Source: Field Data, September 2014.
From the result (
The result (
The result shows the following, 47% artisans and craftsmen strongly agree that government taxes and subsides can cause entrepreneurial processes and activities; 37% also agreed to this; a 7% are not sure; no one disagree and 10% strongly disagree that governmental taxes and subsides will lead to entrepreneurship. Some of these artisans and craftsmen do not pay any taxes so subsides would not make any difference. Governmental taxes exemption and subsides enjoyed by potential entrepreneurs is confirmed per the high percentage agreement and it is in line with [
From the result, 33% artisans and craftsmen agreed that infrastructure can make them or others engage in some entrepreneurial processes and activities. 30% of the artisans and craftsmen strongly agree to this. A total of 17% of the respondents disagree and strongly disagreed that infrastructure availability will make people or they themselves enter into entrepreneurship. A 7% of the respondents were not sure if infrastructure availability or development will lead to entrepreneurship. [
The result indicated that with the exception of 3% artisans and craftsmen who are not sure if economic stability will affect them to be entrepreneurial the rest of the respondents either strongly agree or agree that economic stability drives entrepreneurial processes and activities. Economic stability is confirmed as a factor that drives entrepreneurship with 97% of the respondents strongly agreeing to the statement and this confirms [
Variable | SA | A | N | D | SD | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High technology | 7(23%) | 9(31%) | 7(23%) | 6(20%) | 1(3%) | 30 |
High initial capital | 10(33%) | 14(47%) | 3(10%) | 1(3%) | 2(7%) | 30 |
Entrepreneurs do not get the required training | 14(47%) | 1(3%) | 6(20%) | 8(27%) | 1(3%) | 30 |
Unreadily availability of required labour and skills | 5(16%) | 8(27%) | 1(3%) | 8(27%) | 8(27%) | 30 |
Unreadily availability of materials | 2(7%) | 8(27%) | 6(20%) | 7(23%) | 7(23%) | 30 |
Unreadily availability of equipment | 2(7%) | 19(63%) | 4(13%) | 0 | 5(17%) | 30 |
Dominant Policies | 1(3%) | 13(44%) | 9(30%) | 4(13%) | 3(10%) | 30 |
High taxation | 7(23%) | 0 | 5(17%) | 13(43%) | 5(17%) | 30 |
No business plan for acquisition of capital from financial institution | 24(81%) | 4(13%) | 1(3%) | 1(3%) | 0 | 30 |
Non stability of the industry | 5(17%) | 7(23%) | 10(33) | 5(17%) | 3(10%) | 30 |
Little or no knowledge in the firm or product | 13(44%) | 7(23%) | 4(13%) | 5(17%) | 1(3%) | 30 |
Source: Field Data, September 2014.
From the result (
It can be deduced from the result (
Furthermore, 54% disagree and strongly disagree to the statement that required skills and labour are not readily available. They stated that the skills and labour are available only if they are ready to pay them. Others emphasize that they take apprentice and trainees so they would not need such labour. 16% strongly agree and 27% also agreed to the statement. They stated that labour might be available but they would not have the required skills, hence they need to train the labour that is acquired. Others also stated that since the work they do is tedious, it is difficult to get the required labour to do such work. 3% were indifferent on the statement.
From the result (
From the result, 44% of the respondents agree to the statement that there are dominant policies in the industry. 3% also strongly agree to this statement. 30% neither agreed not disagreed to the statement. A 10% of the sample size strongly disagreed to the statement whilst a 13% disagree to this statement. Furthermore, 60% of the respondents disagreed that taxation is a challenge. Their reason was that they mostly operate from their homes and taxes do not apply to their works. Others also stated that they only pay Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (KMA) for the land they are occupying to do their work. 23% of the respondents strongly agreed that high taxation is a challenge. Most of these people work in big firms and they pay taxes.
From
It was deduced from the result that a total of 67% of the respondents believed that there are people who are operating business who have no knowledge of the business or the product. A total of 20% strongly disagreed and disagreed to this statement. The reason was that without the needed knowledge, no one can do the kind of work they are doing. A 13% of the sample size was neutral to the statement.
To measure the relative importance of each factor or variable used, indices of range 0.85 - 1.00 = High importance; 0.61 - 0.84 = Medium importance; 0.00 - 0.60 = Low importance.
Individual Determinants | Mean | Std. Dev. | RII | Rank | RII Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal traits | 4.2 | 1.126 | 0.84 | 2nd | Medium Importance |
Desire for profit | 4.23 | 1.04 | 0.846 | 1st | High Importance |
Skills, knowledge and prior experience | 4.1 | 0.885 | 0.82 | 3rd | Medium Importance |
Social ties and network | 3.43 | 1.431 | 0.687 | 4th | Medium Importance |
Parental work background | 2.7 | 1.601 | 0.54 | 5th | Low Importance |
Unweighted mean | 3.732 |
Source: Field Data, September 2014.
From the result (
Firm determinants | Mean | Std. Dev. | RII | Rank | RII Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Support from company policy | 3.6 | 0.563 | 0.72 | 1st | Medium importance |
Top management support | 3.6 | 0.724 | 0.72 | 1st | Medium importance |
Department competition | 3.03 | 0.718 | 0.606 | 3rd | Medium importance |
Firm motivation or reward | 3.10 | 1.185 | 0.62 | 2nd | Medium importance |
Unweighted mean | 3.33 |
Source: Field Data, September 2014.
Ranking the environmental determinants for entrepreneurial activities and processes according to Relative Importance Index are as follows: accessing financial assistance and economic stability rank first, government policy like taxes and subsides rank second, infrastructure ranks third and finally patent rank four as shown in
Environmental determinants | Mean | Std. Dev. | RII | Rank | RII Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accessing financial assistance | 4.53 | 0.776 | 0.906 | 1st | High importance |
Patent in the industry | 3.37 | 1.129 | 0.673 | 4th | Medium importance |
Taxes and subsides | 4.1 | 1.213 | 0.82 | 2nd | Medium importance |
Infrastructure development | 3.67 | 1.269 | 0.733 | 3rd | Medium importance |
Economic stability | 4.53 | 0.571 | 0.906 | 1st | High importance |
Unweighted mean | 4.04 |
Source: Field Data, September 2014.
This means that there will be more entrepreneurial processes and activities if individuals or firms can get access to financial assistance and this factor has the same weight as that of economic stability. Getting government policies like taxes and subsides for business is the next important factor that will bring about the introduction of new market, new products, new services and new methods. Availability of infrastructure is the third most important factors that individuals and firms need to be entrepreneurial.
Lastly, individuals and firms will be entrepreneurial if there is patent in the industry. Patent being last among the five shows how the industries do not give much important to intellectual property right or patent. This also means innovative will easily be copied to reduce the profit flow associated with it. Even though individuals have a high desire for profit in order to become an entrepreneurial, they do not wish to protect their intellectual property.
Access to financial assistance and economic stability, both fall in the high important indexes of RII. The higher the access of financial assistance and economic stability, the higher individuals will start entrepreneurial processes and activities. Firms will also become innovative if these two factors are high. If these two factors move to negativity, thus low most individuals and firms will move away from entrepreneurial activities even including those which have low initial capital. The easiness it is to access financial assistance and the stable the economy of the country, the lower the rate of poverty and stagnation of firms. Government policies like taxes and subsides lies within the medium importance. Infrastructure and patent also lie within the medium importance. Its unweighted mean is 4.04.
Challenges | Mean | Std. Dev. | RII | Rank | RII Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No business plan for acquisition of capital from financial institution | 4.7 | 0.702 | 0.94 | 1st | High importance |
High initial capital | 3.97 | 1.098 | 0.793 | 2nd | Medium importance |
Little or no knowledge in the firm or product | 3.87 | 1.252 | 0.773 | 3rd | Medium importance |
Entrepreneurs do not get the required training | 3.63 | 1.402 | 0.726 | 4th | Medium importance |
High technology | 3.5 | 1.167 | 0.7 | 5th | Medium importance |
Unreadily availability of equipment | 3.43 | 1.194 | 0.686 | 6th | Medium importance |
High taxation | 3.3 | 1.418 | 0.66 | 7th | Medium importance |
Dominant policies | 3.22 | 1.204 | 0.643 | 8th | Medium importance |
Non stability of the industry | 3.2 | 1.215 | 0.64 | 9th | Medium importance |
Unreadily availability of required labour and skills | 2.79 | 1.544 | 0.558 | 10th | Low importance |
Unreadily availability of materials | 2.7 | 1.291 | 0.54 | 11th | Low importance |
Source: Field Data, September 2014. Its unweighted mean is 3.483.
Entrepreneurs not having business plan was range high among the other challenges through respondent’s answers. It makes it very critical due to the other effect it can cause their businesses. If entrepreneurs are taught or trained on how to prepare business plan, it will effectively lead them to acquire financial loans and also help in the growth of their establishments. The two low importance determinants is a challenge but it is not a very intensive one especially for entrepreneurs that use raw materials from Ghana. A lot of the challenges fall within the medium importance range. These challenges can be solved in the medium term. Its effects would not be as critical as the lack of business plan.
Entrepreneurship has recent time received important attention from various governments and scholars because of its adverse importance. In relation to this, it is very important for firms and governments to know the factors that drive such important entity in order to maximize it. This paper aimed to determine the individual, firm and environmental factors that drive entrepreneurial processes and activities and it challenges in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. Through the descriptive analysis used, the determining factors for entrepreneurial processes and activities for individuals, firms and environment were realized. The relative importance given to each determinant for individuals, firms and environment was also attained.
Our results seem to support a growing belief that entrepreneurship is very important in alleviating poverty. It is then very important that firms and government find ways to develop and grow the determining factors that are very important in birthing entrepreneurship. This means allocating the scarce available resources on the high important factors. This can also mean reducing the allocated resources available to the less important factors. Our study provides a strong support for the need of proper training and seminars programmes for the artisans and craftsmen on how to make their products meet standards and market their product to position their trade in a lucrative industry. It is critical that organizations and government must help create the environment and develop the factors that can bring about entrepreneurial processes and activities.
The study also encourages that firms should make their policy support entrepreneurial activities and processes, and the top management should support it. The support from the company and top management serves as a motivation as well as insurance for being entrepreneurial. The risk involves being sacked if an idea or process does not work which is eradicated. There is lots of importance when a firm is entrepreneurial especially innovative. Firms must introduce type of motivation or reward for workers who are innovative to drive more entrepreneurial activities. Among the various challenges that were located, it was realized that the major challenge of artisans is that they do not have business plan; the implication of this is that they cannot access funds from banks and also would not have future plans for their business expansion and growth. The third most challenge was that some entrepreneurs have little or no knowledge in the firm that they are operating. This leads to inefficiency and collapsing of the business. It would be of benefit to critically give undivided attention on packages of accessing financial assistance of existing and potential entrepreneurs with backing of government policies to enhance and expand the entrepreneurship drive especially on the environmental factors on entrepreneurship.
However, the research also raises a number of other questions:
What skills does an entrepreneur need to make its business successful?
Why should the entrepreneur be bothered with a business plan?
Why sustainability of businesses is critical in the informal sector?
The paper provided a multi-perspective approach to entrepreneurship supported by the relationship of the different level of determinants. The paper therefore suggests that the highest rank importance on individual, firm and the environment factors must be given a serious attention by policy makers, governments, non-governmental agencies and donors to alleviate poverty within the Kumasi Metropolis and its environs.
IsaacTweneboah-Koduah,CharlesAdusei, (2016) Entrepreneurship Determinants of Artisans/Craftsmen in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management,06,163-175. doi: 10.4236/ajibm.2016.62016