The stagnant water reservoirs in urban area of India are severely contaminated with surfactant and microbe due to anthropogenic activities. In this work, water quality of pond water of the most industrialized city: Raipur, CG, India is described. The concentration of surfactant in the term of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in water (n = 16) is ranged from 7.0 - 27 mg/L with mean value of 17 ± 3 mg/L. All ponds are found to be contaminated with microbes i.e. bacteria, algae and fungi at elevated levels. The physico-chemical characteristics of the pond water are discussed.
Pond is stagnant water reservoir used for various purposes i.e. bathing, drinking and washing for humans and other animals. The contaminants i.e. surfactants, microbes, nutrients, heavy metals, organic toxicants, etc. are brought to the pond by the streams, runoff water, municipal waste, etc. [
Raipur (22˚33'N to 21˚14'N and 82˚6'E to 81˚38'E) is a capital of Chhattisgarh state, India with population of 2 million. Several ponds >20 occurs over »1000 km2 area in the city for drinking, bathing, washing and fishing purposes. All pond waters are eutrophied with the decreased aquatic biodiversity. They recharge the groundwater resources by transporting the contaminants.
The water from 16 ponds during April 2014 was sampled,
The water samples were filtered with glass micro filter of pore size, 2 µm. The total dissolved solid (TDS) value of the sample was determined by evaporation method [
where, all ions are expressed in meq/L.
The indicative microbes i.e. total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, yeast and fungi were determined by the plate method prescribed by Rakiro Biotech System Pvt. Ltd [
The physical characteristic of 16 ponds is summarized in
S. No. | Location | Area, m2 | pH | EC, μS/ cm | T, ˚C | RP, mV | DO, mg/L | TDS mg/L | TH, mg/L | TA mg/L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | Telibandha | 1.0 × 105 | 7.6 | 589 | 30.1 | 187 | 8.1 | 1323 | 150 | 380 |
P2 | Budhatalab | 3.0 × 105 | 7.2 | 623 | 30.4 | 180 | 7.8 | 1934 | 200 | 346 |
P3 | Tikarapara | 1.6 × 105 | 6.6 | 1115 | 30.6 | 132 | 7.6 | 1567 | 140 | 402 |
P4 | Kankalipara | 1 × 104 | 7.1 | 771 | 29.8 | 195 | 8.0 | 1460 | 190 | 360 |
P5 | Gudhiyari | 1 × 104 | 6.8 | 1225 | 31.3 | 167 | 7.5 | 2012 | 360 | 546 |
P6 | Dudhadhari | 1 × 104 | 7.0 | 727 | 29.6 | 162 | 7.0 | 1340 | 320 | 326 |
P7 | Rajatalab | 5 × 104 | 7.1 | 872 | 30.9 | 129 | 6.7 | 1913 | 370 | 372 |
P8 | Aamapara | 3 × 104 | 8.2 | 960 | 30.1 | 118 | 7.2 | 1726 | 280 | 468 |
P9 | Awanti Vihar | 1 × 104 | 7.1 | 474 | 30.8 | 107 | 6.8 | 2475 | 450 | 442 |
P10 | Amlidih | 1 × 104 | 6.5 | 1149 | 30.2 | 90 | 7.4 | 1879 | 330 | 380 |
P11 | Katoratalab | 1 × 104 | 6.7 | 630 | 31.1 | 114 | 6.1 | 1633 | 360 | 424 |
P12 | Sonjharapara | 5 × 104 | 6.9 | 610 | 30.5 | 147 | 7.0 | 1504 | 250 | 436 |
P13 | Mathpara | 1 × 104 | 7.0 | 870 | 30.0 | 131 | 6.3 | 1323 | 200 | 408 |
P14 | P. Colony | 2 × 104 | 6.8 | 608 | 29.7 | 151 | 8.3 | 1400 | 350 | 340 |
P15 | Rohinipuram | 1 × 104 | 7.0 | 453 | 30.4 | 160 | 6.8 | 1320 | 200 | 388 |
P 16 | Kota | 2 × 104 | 7.1 | 1128 | 30.2 | 152 | 7.3 | 1288 | 330 | 232 |
P = Professor.
The chemical characteristics of the pond water are shown in
The chromatograms of indicative bacteria (i.e. total coliform, E. coli and Pseudomonas, yeast and fungi) are shown in
S. No. | F− | Cl− | Na+ | K+ | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | Fe | SLS | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 1.3 | 32 | 50 | 27 | 6.1 | 106 | 33 | 15 | 38 | 0.43 | 17 |
P2 | 1.0 | 21 | 30 | 19 | 6.2 | 91 | 34 | 12 | 44 | 0.37 | 14 |
P3 | 1.6 | 15 | 18 | 13 | 6.2 | 100 | 31 | 6 | 38 | 0.37 | 17 |
P4 | 1.3 | 38 | 60 | 31 | 6.3 | 96 | 36 | 13 | 40 | 0.53 | 15 |
P5 | 1.0 | 44 | 68 | 35 | 8.0 | 173 | 70 | 14 | 48 | 0.50 | 26 |
P6 | 1.0 | 15 | 21 | 17 | 9.1 | 116 | 83 | 14 | 40 | 0.42 | 19 |
P7 | 1.6 | 78 | 122 | 56 | 13 | 105 | 37 | 17 | 46 | 0.39 | 16 |
P8 | 1.4 | 31 | 47 | 21 | 7.4 | 177 | 66 | 20 | 22 | 0.34 | 27 |
P9 | 1.7 | 97 | 152 | 64 | 6.3 | 144 | 58 | 24 | 50 | 0.51 | 22 |
P10 | 0.8 | 41 | 62 | 29 | 23 | 126 | 35 | 16 | 40 | 0.91 | 21 |
P11 | 1.1 | 16 | 23 | 14 | 7.1 | 93 | 27 | 15 | 64 | 0.37 | 14 |
P12 | 1.0 | 17 | 24 | 15 | 5.4 | 102 | 37 | 12 | 30 | 1.14 | 16 |
P13 | 1.6 | 29 | 42 | 18 | 6.5 | 156 | 32 | 12 | 44 | 0.75 | 24 |
P14 | 1.3 | 21 | 25 | 17 | 9.0 | 33 | 8.0 | 18 | 40 | 0.51 | 7 |
P15 | 1.6 | 24 | 32 | 19 | 6.6 | 75 | 15 | 12 | 36 | 0.33 | 11 |
P16 | 1.3 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 6.4 | 91 | 15 | 15 | 58 | 0.35 | 13 |
S. No. | E. coli + TC | Pseud. + TC | Y + F + TC | Salmonella |
---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 104 | 102 | 104 | Positive |
P2 | 103 | 102 | 104 | Positive |
P3 | 104 | 102 | 103 | Positive |
P4 | 103 | 102 | 104 | Positive |
P5 | 107 | 104 | 105 | Positive |
P6 | 104 | 102 | 104 | Positive |
P7 | 104 | 102 | 104 | Positive |
P8 | 105 | 103 | 104 | Positive |
P9 | 104 | 102 | 104 | Positive |
P10 | 107 | 105 | 104 | Positive |
P11 | 105 | 106 | 106 | Positive |
P12 | 104 | 102 | 103 | Positive |
P13 | 105 | 103 | 105 | Positive |
P14 | 104 | 102 | 103 | Positive |
P15 | 105 | 103 | 105 | Positive |
P16 | 105 | 103 | 104 | Positive |
The SH and SAR values of pond water were ranged from 31% - 77% and 1.7 - 11.3 with mean value of 62% ± 5% and 6.5 ± 1.1, respectively, indicating sodic nature of the water. The value of Fe, SLS, TA and TDS content of all pond waters were found above than recommended value of 0.3, 1.0, 120 and 500 mg/L, respectively [
The contaminated pond water affect the water quality of the shallow tube well water lie in the nearby area. The SLS and microbe contents in the shallow tube well (n = 16) were ranged from 3.2 - 5.1 mg/L and 1 × 103 count/mL, respectively. The surfactant and microbial contamination levels in the water of the studied area was found to be comparable to the contents reported in the water of other region of the country and world [
The correlation matrix of the water parameters is summarized in
F− | Cl− | Na+ | K+ | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | Fe | SLS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F− | 1 | ||||||||||
Cl− | 0.40 | 1 | |||||||||
0.38 | 1.00 | 1 | |||||||||
0.33 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1 | ||||||||
−0.39 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 1 | |||||||
Na+ | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 1 | |||||
K+ | −0.23 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.04 | 0.73 | 1 | ||||
Mg2+ | 0.19 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 1 | |||
Ca2+ | −0.02 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.14 | −0.01 | −0.15 | −0.22 | 0.09 | 1 | ||
Fe | −0.28 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.30 | 0.13 | −0.01 | −0.07 | −0.26 | 1 | |
SLS | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 0.13 | 0.99 | 0.75 | 0.22 | −0.21 | 0.18 | 1 |
The pond water is polluted tremendously with the surfactant and microbe mainly due to anthropogenic activities i.e. bathing, washing and mixing of the runoff and municipal waste. The surfactant contamination of the pond imparts the water to be sodic in nature. In some ponds (»25%), the F− content is found to be above the recommended value of 1.5 mg/L. All ponds are eutrophied with green algal blooms due to the nutrient over loadings.
We are thankful to our University for special equipment grant aid to the Environmental Science Department.
AnkitYadav,Pravin KumarSahu,SuryakantChakradhari,Keshaw PrakashRajhans,ShobhanaRamteke,Nohar SinghDahariya,GauravAgnihotri,Khageshwar SinghPatel, (2016) Urban Pond Water Contamination in India. Journal of Environmental Protection,07,52-59. doi: 10.4236/jep.2016.71005