In this study, all energy in the universe, here called energy quanta, originates from a singularity at the centre of the universe. The electron and the atom are completely passive; they absorb energy quanta by means of forced damped oscillators and the absorbed energy quanta are then re-emitted. Absorbed and stored energy quanta result in nuclear energy. Re-emitted energy quanta are fields. Re-emitted energy quanta operating on oscillators, in adjacent particles and atoms, result in forces: strong force, Coulomb force and gravitational force. Using this model may enable unification of elementary particle physics, general relativity, electromagnetic theory and quantum physics into one comprehensive theory.
Today’s elementary particle physics, quantum physics, electromagnetic theory and general relativity build on the assumption that electron and atomic forces, fields and energy are created or generated by the electron and atom itself without external influence. In the present study today’s model is replaced by a fundamentally different model. In the new model all energy in the universe, here called energy quanta, originates from a singularity at the centre of the universe. The electron and the atom are completely passive; they absorb energy quanta by means of forced damped oscillators and the absorbed energy quanta are then re-emitted. Parts of this novel theory have been documented in eight different studies [
The Higgs Field is an energy field that exists everywhere in the universe and is accompanied by a fundamental particle called the Higgs Boson [
Energy radiated from the singularity has been thoroughly measured and documented, including description of measurement technique [
Atoms absorb energy quanta at frequencies specific to the atom. Thus, the atom contains (forced damped) oscillators with natural frequencies equal to the frequencies of energy quanta generated by the singularity. Each oscillator can be described as an oscillator quantum. The absorbed energy quanta result in nuclear forces and stored nuclear energy [
Electrons absorb energy quanta at a frequency specific to the electron. Thus, the electron contains an (forced damped) oscillator quantum with natural frequency equal to the frequency of energy quanta generated by the singularity. The absorbed energy quanta are called electron charge in today’s physics. The absorbed energy quanta are then re-emitted uniformly into space by the oscillator quantum. Re-emitted energy quanta accounts for what is called Coulomb force, current, electric field, displacement and magnetic field in today’s physics [
Atoms and electrons also absorb energy quanta at frequencies specific to gravity [
Particle, e.g. electron excess energy hv is superpositioned on energy quanta absorbed and re-emitted by oscillator quanta in the electron and the atomic nucleus [
Parts of the present model have been bench marked on phenomena observed in astrophysics; it displays that it can replace general relativity [
The present model is mapped on quantum physics and demonstrates solutions to intrinsic angular momentum, intrinsic magnetic dipole momentum and electron wave-particle duality [
The purpose with the present paper is to provide a common theory for elementary particle physics, electromagnetic theory, quantum physics and astrophysics, i.e. a step towards the Theory of Everything (TOE). It complements and replaces parts of the Standard Model [
Today physics is described by different models: the Standard Model [
This paper proposes that it is quite the opposite. The atom in itself contains no forces or energy, what so ever. The atom is completely passive. All energy in the universe originates from a singularity, positioned at the centre of the universe. This energy is absorbed by the electron and the atomic nucleus and the absorbed and re-emitted energy result in phenomena observed in physics: stored energy, forces, current and fields.
This section is structured in the following way. It begins with a model describing the electron’s processes which create charge, Coulomb force, current, electric field and magnetic field. Only two quanta are involved: the energy quantum and the oscillator quantum. Both have a frequency specific to the electron.
The same model is then utilized to explain the nucleus strong force. The strong force is created by a process similar to the Coulomb force, albeit by energy quanta and oscillator quanta with frequencies specific to the nucleus and the strong force.
The same model is once again utilized to explain gravity. Gravity is created by a process similar to the Coulomb force, albeit by energy quanta and oscillator quanta with frequencies specific to gravity.
The same model is finally used to explain photons and inertial mass. Photons and inertial mass are created by a process where enforced energy hv is superpositioned on energy quanta and where the mechanism enabling this conversion resides in oscillator quanta.
According to the theoretical model the universe contains a singularity. This singularity has been described previously [
This section describes the process which results in electron charge and Coulomb force. The process is general and is, in Sections 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9, utilized to explain positron, nucleus and gravitational forces. The electron contains an (forced damped) oscillator with natural frequency νe which absorbs energy quanta
where α is a constant which mirrors the oscillator quantum transfer function. However, at the earth the distance R to the singularity is constant. Equation (2) can, thus, be simplified into
From now on
Energy flow density
and which according to Equation (3) can be re-written into
Equation (6) can be compared with classical electromagnetic theory and Coulomb’s law for two electrons with elementary charge e [
and where we see that
with energy flow density
ta involved.
Current
where the “?” sign denotes that the definition of current flow is opposite to the electron transport direction. Equation (9) can be compared with the classical definition of current [
where
In the present study magnetism is described in the following way. An electron, with velocity v, passes a fixed point (x, y, z) in a given reference system. The electron re-emits the energy flow density
electron passes the fixed point (x, y, z) the derivate of
equipotential surface is continuous; hence it is described by its curl
Equation (11) describes
Now we picture current
Consequently,
static fields in classical electromagnetism. In the present theory they consist of energy quanta with frequency ve.
It is proposed that the electromagnetic theory can be revised and simplified. The revised version includes energy quantum
Sections 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9 explain how the revised electromagnetic theory can be utilized to describe the positron, the nucleus, gravity and astrophysics. The revised electromagnetic theory is general and forms the fundament for unification of many scientific disciplines.
This section explains that the positron is identical to the electron; however, the positron energy quantum and oscillator quantum have a frequency specific to the positron. The positron contains an (forced damped) oscillator quantum with natural frequency νp which absorbs energy quanta
Hence, energy flow density between oscillators having exactly the same frequency results in repelling force. However, energy flow density between oscillators having slightly different frequencies results in attracting force.
The electron and the positron have slightly different frequencies. Thus, there is a force of attraction
where the “−” sign denotes force of attraction. Consequently, the positron applies to revised electromagnetic theory and revised Maxwell’s equations provided parameters include the positron frequency vp.
This section explains that the atomic nucleus contains mechanisms similar to the positron and electron; however, the nucleus energy quanta and oscillator quanta have frequencies specific to the nucleus. Neutrons and protons contain large numbers of oscillator quanta with two slightly different frequencies νn1 and νn2, where n denotes nucleus and its strong force. This creates energy flow density between oscillator quanta as described in Sections 2.3 and 2.7. The energy flow density results in force of attraction
It also creates repelling forces
It is proposed that
It is proposed that elementary particles like fermions, neutrons and protons are different configurations of oscillators with frequency νn1, νn2, ve, vp, νg1 and νg2, where νg1 and νg2 are described in Section 2.9. Bosons are energy quanta with frequency νn1, νn2, ve, vp, νg1 and νg2.
The implication of this is that the atomic nucleus can and should be described by the same laws as the revised electromagnetic theory, except that the frequencies are different (vn1 and vn2). Consequently, the nucleus is described by the nucleus energy quantum vectors
This section explains that gravity is created by mechanisms similar to the electron, positron and the atomic nucleus; however, gravity encompasses energy quanta and oscillator quanta with frequencies specific to gravity. Gravity has been described in detail in [
The force of attraction
It is assumed that that the distance r between the bodies is much larger than the distance between oscillator quanta within each body. Equation (21) can be re-written into
where 𝛾 and η are constants. It also creates repelling forces
ξ denotes that the repelling forces
force of attraction Fg(r). ξ can be described as 1 − Δ, where Δ is extremely small. This explains why the gravitational force Fg(r) is extremely small.
The number of oscillator quanta n in body 1 respectively p in body 2 is proportional to the gravitational mass m1 of body 1 and the gravitational mass m2 of body 2. We now recognize the similarity with Newton’s metric law of gravity, where G is Newton’s gravitational constant [
We also recognize the similarity with Coulomb’s law
tional force is similar to the force between clusters of electrons. The number of involved oscillator quanta in atoms and the frequencies νg1 and νg2 determines the gravitational constant Δη.
The implication of this is that the solar system, the Milky Way Galaxy and the universe in general should be described by the same laws as the revised electromagnetic theory, except that the frequencies are different (νg1 and νg2). Hence, the relationship between planets, stars and galaxies is described by the gravitational energy quantum vector
The nature of the photon has been described in detail [
Gravitational and inertial mass have been described in detail [
Gravitational mass is the expression of the mechanism, i.e. atomic oscillator quanta which absorb and re-emit energy quanta
Accelerating or decelerating a mass, a particle, an electron or an atom demands enforced force and energy. The mass, particle, electron or atom cannot store this enforced energy. The enforced energy can be described as energy quanta hv. The enforced energy quanta hv are superpositioned on absorbed and re-emitted energy quanta
In this section it is assumed that the electron comprises three oscillator quanta, each one with frequencies ve, vg1 and vg2 (see Section 3). This simple configuration of three oscillator quanta provides the electron with intrinsic characteristics described in Sections 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.9, 2.10 and 2.11. The oscillator quanta ve, vg1 and vg2 do not comprise a static configuration. They oscillate and orbit each other.
The electron has intrinsic angular momentum (up spin and down spin) and intrinsic magnetic dipole momentum, according to quantum physics [
The electron has a wave function and applies to the wave-particle duality [
The electron is exposed to forces between the electron and the singularity as well as forces between the electron and adjacent electrons and protons. These forces are caused by absorbed energy quanta with frequencies ve, vg1 and vg2, as described in Equations (6), (17), (22) and (23). These forces are not static and, consequently, the electron’s position will oscillate with the frequencies ve, vg1 and vg2. This may shed light on the uncertainty principle [
According to classical and quantum physics an orbiting (accelerated) electron radiates energy (photons) [
The Pauli Exclusion Principle says that two fermions (e.g. two electrons) cannot occupy the same quantum state [
Consequently, phenomena observed in quantum physics can be explained with the present model.
In this section it is assumed that the universe is organized in a simple and logical way. It is proposed that the universe, outside the singularity, contains only two types of primary entities. The two primary entities are the energy quantum δSν and the atomic/particle oscillator quantum with natural frequency v. They are the two universal quanta. They can have six different frequencies; ve, vp, vn1, vn2, vg1 and vg2. Each frequency provides unique characteristics to the electron, positron, nucleus, gravity and energy transport in space.
The six frequencies are arranged in the frequency spectrum in the following order: vn1, vn2, vg1, vg2, vp, ve, where vn1 has the highest frequency. These frequencies are very close to each other which results in that there is a force of attraction between oscillator quanta vn1, vn2, vg1 and vg2 as described in Equation (17). It is proposed that these forces tend to unite oscillator quanta into stable triplets of oscillator quanta, where one triplet consists of vn1, vg1 and vg2 and the other triplet consists of vn2, vg1 and vg2. The frequencies vg1, vg2, vp, ve are also close to each other. It is proposed that it results in one triplet vp, vg1 and vg2 (positron) and one triplet ve, vg1 and vg2 (electron). There could, of course, be other configurations, e.g. vn1, vn1, vg1 and vg2. However, the frequencies vn1 and ve are too separated to form a bond according Equation (17). Thus, only some configurations are feasible. In the following a very simple structure is proposed. The purpose is to show that the atom may have simple and repetitive structures. It is not intended as a solution; however, a guideline showing possible principles.
In its simplest configuration the universe may consists of only four basic particles: electron (ve, vg1, vg2), positron (vp, vg1, vg2) and two nuclear basic particles called α-tron (vn1, vg1, vg2) and β-tron (vn2, vg1. vg2). The α-tron and β-tron are the enablers of the strong force and nuclear energy. All four basic particles have almost identical structures. They contain one common part (vg1, vg2) resulting in gravity, gravitational mass, inertial mass and production of photons. They also contain a second individual part consisting of one of the oscillator quanta vn1, vn2, vp or ve. This part results in the “positive” positron (vp), the “negative” electron (ve), the “positive” α-tron (vn1) and the “negative” β-tron (vn2). Thus, the four basic particles are identical except for one parameter; the frequencies vn1, vn2, vp and ve. The frequency parameter determines the characteristics of the different parts of the atom. Configurations of α-trons, β-trons, positron and electron constitute neutron, proton and other particles.
Perceived particle mass is always the result of oscillator quanta vg1, vg2 and their re-emitted energy quanta
The present model separates between the entity which enables fields, forces, stored energy and emitted energy (photons) on one hand and the entity which mediates fields, forces, stored energy and emitted energy on the other hand. The enablers of fields, forces, stored energy and emitted energy are the oscillator quanta ve, vp, vn1, vn2, vg1 and vg2. The mediators of fields, forces, stored energy and emitted energy are the energy quanta δSν with frequencies ve, vp, vn1, vn2, vg1 and vg2.
The present study proposes that all energy in the universe originates from a singularity at the centre of the universe. The universe, outside the singularity, contains only two types of primary entities. They are the energy quantum δSν and the atomic/particle oscillator quantum with natural frequency v. They can have six different frequencies; ve, vp, vn1, vn2, vg1 and vg2. Configurations of oscillator quanta with different natural frequencies constitute particles such as fermions, electron, positron, neutron and proton. Each frequency provides unique characteristics to electron, positron, nucleus, gravity and energy transport in space. Energy transport in space is achieved by energy quanta δSν or by superpositioned energy quanta hv (photons) on energy quanta
According to this study electromagnetic theory, quantum physics, elementary particle physics and astrophysics can be described by the same set of rules and laws. The revised version of electromagnetic theory constitutes the fundament for unification of these scientific disciplines into one comprehensive Theory of Everything (TOE).
The novel Theory of Everything will dramatically simplify the description of many natural sciences and ease the understanding of these sciences. Today there are often locked doors between electromagnetic theory, quantum physics, elementary particle physics, astrophysics, bioelectromagnetics, chemistry, biochemistry and medicine. The reason is, among others, that these discipline use different models and different terminology. The Theory of Everything will unify models and terminology. It will result in increased multidisciplinary cooperation and faster progress in R&D.
The electronics industry rapidly approaches processes and products which operate on only one or few electrons. Understanding the real nature of the electron and the photon can result in a paradigm shift within microelectronics.
Bioelectromagnetics is an important discipline, concerned with the nature of organisms and which has large impact on medicine. The Theory of Everything will dramatically change the definition of bioelectromagnetics processes from today’s static processes to dynamic electromagnetic processes. It will improve the understanding of the human organism and infectious diseases. It may result in a paradigm shift in medicine.
Many environmental problems are caused by chemicals used in e.g. industrial processes, products and in farming, and where the chemicals eventually are found in the environment, in food and in the human organism. They consist of molecules called PFOS, PFOA, PCB, PBDE, glyphosate, carbendazim, boscalid etc. Molecules are today described as atoms united by the static Coulomb force. In reality the molecule shall be described by the Theory of Everything; energy quanta and oscillator quanta in the atomic nucleus and the electron result in a number of forces which amalgamate atoms into a molecule. This implies that the molecule comprises many dynamic electromagnetic processes. These dynamic electromagnetic processes interact with and disturb dynamic electromagnetic processes in organisms including humans, i.e. the processes described in bioelectromagnetics. Today’s static definition of the molecule provides meager understanding of the environmental effects caused by chemicals. In the future it may be possible to disturb the molecule’s dynamic processes; it results in that the molecule is destroyed. It may enable remediation of the environment from toxic chemicals. The Theory of Everything may cause a paradigm shift in chemistry and in the understanding of environmental problems.
The earth is exposed to an enormous amount of energy, i.e. energy quanta δSν. Only a fraction of these energy quanta are absorbed by atoms. The absorbed energy results in nuclear fission and fusion energy used in e.g. nuclear power plants. It may be possible to control this vast amount of energy in the future. There may be no energy problem in the future; there will be endless amount of energy and the energy will be safe with no waste and without environmental impact.
It is proposed that the present study will have major impact on the understanding of basic physics, chemistry and medicine. Hopefully, this will result in multidisciplinary cooperation, faster R&D, improved products, improved medicine, improved understanding of environmental problems, improved methods to remediate the environment and a solution to the energy and climate problem.