An interesting semi-analytic solution is given for the Helmholtz equation. This solution is obtained from a rigorous discussion of the regularity and the inversion of the tridiagonal symmetric matrix. Then, applications are given, showing very good accuracy. This work provides also the analytical inverse of the skew-symmetric tridiagonal matrix.
We focus on the inverse of the matrix (M) defined in the Equation (1) below. We are interested in applications of this matrix, because the latter allows solving many important differential equations in science and technology, especially mathematics, physics, engineering, chemistry, biology and other disciplines. The formula of the inverse of (M) was determined in [
where,
So we will focus on the matrix (A) and we will determine the exact form of its inverse, (B). We proceed as follows: first, we determine the determinant of (A) and give a very detailed discussion of its invertibility. Therefore, we formulate its inverse analytically and exactly. Then, we solve the Helmholtz equation, with the finite difference method, using the obtained inverse matrix. Additionally, we treat the skew-symmetric tridiagonal matrix and give the formula of its inverse.
The calculation of the determinant of (A) and the discussion of the existence of its inverse constitute a very important part of this work. The determinant of (A) depends on N and is denoted
By developing the determinant
The term
The characteristic equation of the recurrence relation, given by the Equation (3), is:
The resolution of this Equation (4) yields the expression of
The solutions of the characteristic equation are determined by the sign of the discriminant
The discriminant is zero for two values of
where A' and B' are two constants which are determined taking into account the first two terms of the sequence
The constant B' is determined in the following manner:
So the determinant of the matrix (A), in the case where
The Equation (8) is the exact formula of
It corresponds to the case where
The general expression of the determinant is for this case:
The constants A' and B' can be determined, considering the values of
It holds:
Thus, the determinant of (A) is obtained:
This equation is equivalent to:
The determinant of (A) is different from zero, for the considered case
An observation of the determinant, for this case, allows another formulation of the formula in Equation (14). Because, one remarks that the determinant is a polynomial and can be developed. It holds:
From the analysis of these polynomial expressions, one can demonstrate using mathematical induction that the determinant given by the Equation (14) can be formulated as follows:
where [N/2] est equivalent to (N div 2). This latter formula in Equation (15) is given in [
The first is that we look for a matrix inverse. Then, it is important to know about the annulation of the determinant. Choosing the Equation (15) means that we have to search the zero of the polynomials, to know the invertibility of the matrix. While the Equation (14) shows clearly that the determinant does not vanish and thus, the matrix (A) is regular.
The second reason to prefer Equation (14) to Equation (15) is that programming the Equation (14) is more confortable than programming Equation (15). Because the latter needs loops for the sum, and it also needs recursions for the binomial coefficients.
It corresponds to the case where
These solutions
with
Then, the general expression of
The constants A' and B' are determined considering
One obtains the following relation that gives the determinant of (A), in the case where
Regularity of the Matrix (A) for
In this case, the regularity of (A) has to be studied. One solves:
This Equation (21) admits N solutions
For these values of
In the treated case
clude sub-cases where
Special Case d = 0
This corresponds to
The Equation (24) is a very interesting result. First, it gives the exact formula of determinant for the case where
This closes the discussion of the determinant of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix, similar to the (M). All cases were studied in a very detailed manner. In each of these cases, the exact value of the determinant of (A) is given and its regularity has been widely discussed.
Before starting the determination of the inverse of the matrix (A), it is appropriate to discuss its properties. The symmetries of (A) will be found in its inverse (B).
First, the matrix (A) is symmetric:
These two properties show that the matrix (B) is determined when one fourth of its elements is known.
Determining (B) means to determine the cofactor matrix of (A). While these cofactors are obtained using determinants of submatrices of (A), it is not difficult to determine them. Because, a detailed work has been done in the previous section, concerning the determinant of (A) and its submatrices.
Thus, it is easy to see that:
So the first and last lines, and also the first and last columns of the matrix (B) are known exactly using the symmetry and the persymmetry matrix (A).
We remember the previous section gives the formulas of all the determinants
The matrix (B) being the inverse of (A), its components satisfy the following relations:
where
From the first line of Equation (27), it is possible to obtain the second column of the matrix (B) from the first column, which is already known. Then, with the symmetry of the matrix (B), we have:
With the symmetry and the persymmetry of (B), we also have:
The second line of Equation (27) allows to find the elements of the third row and the third column of the matrix (B):
Considering the Equation (28), the following relation is obtained:
The second line of Equation (27) also allows to find the elements of the fourth row and the fourth column of (B):
Considering the Equations (28) and (31), the following relation is obtained:
The analysis of each element of the matrix (B) leads to the complete and exact formulation of this remarkable matrix:
The Equation (34), combined with the Equation (26), gives:
The Equation (35) determines all the elements of the upper triangle of the matrix (B). So the symmetry of the matrix allows to get the closed form of (B), inverse of the symmetric tridiagonal the matrix (A). Thus, (B) is known and each of its components is given by the following equation:
This beautiful relations is very important. It is an interesting result to solve any differential equation whose discretization leads to algebraic equations of the form
However, it deserves to be precised that the formula of the Equation (36) is not new. Indeed, it has already been determined in [
As application, we will solve the Helmholtz equation, which is a very important equation in physics, using the matrix (B). We could also take the equation of heat diffusion and the Poisson equation. But we prefer the former, which corresponds to the wave equation for harmonic excitation.
Knowing the matrix (B) allows to solve all the boundary problems posed in following manner:
We consider an one-dimensional mesh with N + 2 discrete points
The application of the finite difference method to the Equation (36), with the centered difference approxi-
mation
where
Thus, one gets in matrix form
where the vector
Thus, it holds
This can be expressed in the following form
which gives finally:
This Equation (42) gives the solution
One can also define
Then, each element
Thus, each solution
The Equations (42) and (45) are two forms of solution of the Helmholtz equation. Each of these two forms can be implemented simply and elegantly in a source code.
The different studied cases are considered to illustrate the efficient of the proposed approach that is based on the exact inversion of the important matrix (A). Logically, this method is stable robust and very accurate. Because the method of inversion does not use the RHS of the differential equation.
For applications the value
The relative error
The average relative error
Sub-Case
The sub-case where
The results are presented in the
It holds, for the considered case:
Sub-Case
For this sub-case, we have
equation can be an Helmholtz or an Heat Diffusion’s equation or any other differential equation, discribed by Equation (37).
The results are presented in the
This results are very accurate and the average relative error is:
The Equation (14) gives the formula of the determinant
The average relative error is:
i | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9.80392156862745E−003 | 9.99951977659728E−001 | 9.99951941945873E−001 | 3.5715571960466871E−0008 |
2 | 1.96078431372549E−002 | 9.99807843060523E−001 | 9.99807772402643E−001 | 7.0671464886261545E−0008 |
3 | 2.94117647058824E−002 | 9.99567610059511E−001 | 9.99567505227327E−001 | 1.0487754292273011E−0007 |
4 | 3.92156862745098E−002 | 9.99231301750424E−001 | 9.99231163513471E−001 | 1.3834331649605263E−0007 |
5 | 4.90196078431373E−002 | 9.98798950461373E−001 | 9.98798779588930E−001 | 1.7107794518137173E−0007 |
6 | 5.88235294117647E−002 | 9.98270597751755E−001 | 9.98270395012765E−001 | 2.0309025618252644E−0007 |
7 | 6.86274509803922E−002 | 9.97646294408245E−001 | 9.97646060571245E−001 | 2.3438873687485638E−0007 |
8 | 7.84313725490196E−002 | 9.96926100439920E−001 | 9.96925836272967E−001 | 2.6498154975866246E−0007 |
9 | 8.82352941176471E−002 | 9.96110085072493E−001 | 9.96109791343088E−001 | 2.9487653660943124E−0007 |
10 | 9.80392156862745E−002 | 9.95198326741654E−001 | 9.95198004216670E−001 | 3.2408122003922504E−0007 |
91 | 8.92156862745098E−001 | 6.27734829966991E−001 | 6.27734526740978E−001 | 4.8304816791053913E−0007 |
92 | 9.01960784313726E−001 | 6.20073117150520E−001 | 6.20072839194135E−001 | 4.4826408663524868E−0007 |
93 | 9.11764705882353E−001 | 6.12351804868535E−001 | 6.12351552659154E−001 | 4.1187024086945308E−0007 |
94 | 9.21568627450981E−001 | 6.04571635266995E−001 | 6.04571409276047E−001 | 3.7380356496978029E−0007 |
95 | 9.31372549019608E−001 | 5.96733356148992E−001 | 5.96733156841918E−001 | 3.3399698322900866E−0007 |
96 | 9.41176470588235E−001 | 5.88837720902881E−001 | 5.88837548739087E−001 | 2.9237910246643447E−0007 |
97 | 9.50980392156863E−001 | 5.80885488429863E−001 | 5.80885343862677E−001 | 2.4887387421202474E−0007 |
98 | 9.60784313725490E−001 | 5.72877423071045E−001 | 5.72877306547672E−001 | 2.0340022444020088E−0007 |
99 | 9.70588235294118E−001 | 5.64814294533973E−001 | 5.64814206495454E−001 | 1.5587164439042598E−0007 |
100 | 9.80392156862745E−001 | 5.56696877818654E−001 | 5.56696818699821E−001 | 1.0619574357402029E−0007 |
101 | 9.90196078431373E−001 | 5.48525953143059E−001 | 5.48525923372496E−001 | 5.4273757420115430E−0008 |
i | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9.80392156862745E−003 | 9.99951941561807E−001 | 9.99951941945873E−001 | 3.8408390443798238E−0010 |
2 | 1.96078431372549E−002 | 9.99807772400943E−001 | 9.99807772402643E−001 | 1.7004113836032908E−0012 |
3 | 2.94117647058824E−002 | 9.99567504845073E−001 | 9.99567505227327E−001 | 3.8241940061767087E−0010 |
4 | 3.92156862745098E−002 | 9.99231163510147E−001 | 9.99231163513471E−001 | 3.3264542127948233E−0012 |
5 | 4.90196078431373E−002 | 9.98798779208562E−001 | 9.98798779588930E−001 | 3.8082519230113881E−0010 |
6 | 5.88235294117647E−002 | 9.98270395007888E−001 | 9.98270395012765E−001 | 4.8848815064767307E−0012 |
7 | 6.86274509803922E−002 | 9.97646060192825E−001 | 9.97646060571245E−001 | 3.7931306405461940E−0010 |
8 | 7.84313725490196E−002 | 9.96925836266610E−001 | 9.96925836272967E−001 | 6.3769629116802927E−0012 |
9 | 8.82352941176471E−002 | 9.96109790966714E−001 | 9.96109791343088E−001 | 3.7784371187721485E−0010 |
10 | 9.80392156862745E−002 | 9.95198004208912E−001 | 9.95198004216670E−001 | 7.7954501703227182E−0012 |
91 | 8.921568627x45098E−001 | 6.27734526506625E−001 | 6.27734526740978E−001 | 3.7333082444106066E−0010 |
---|---|---|---|---|
92 | 9.01960784313726E−001 | 6.20072839187450E−001 | 6.20072839194135E−001 | 1.0780252554930545E−0011 |
93 | 9.11764705882353E−001 | 6.12351552429502E−001 | 6.12351552659154E−001 | 3.7503215109945825E−0010 |
94 | 9.21568627450981E−001 | 6.04571409270609E−001 | 6.04571409276047E−001 | 8.9945906987657264E−0012 |
95 | 9.31372549019608E−001 | 5.96733156616999E−001 | 5.96733156841918E−001 | 3.7691698330258390E−0010 |
96 | 9.41176470588235E−001 | 5.88837548734947E−001 | 5.88837548739087E−001 | 7.0317811410056739E−0012 |
97 | 9.50980392156863E−001 | 5.80885343642548E−001 | 5.80885343862677E−001 | 3.7895434691907514E−0010 |
98 | 9.60784313725490E−001 | 5.72877306544869E−001 | 5.72877306547672E−001 | 4.8922290538148999E−0012 |
99 | 9.70588235294118E−001 | 5.64814206280150E−001 | 5.64814206495454E−001 | 3.8119515845475614E−0010 |
100 | 9.80392156862745E−001 | 5.56696818698399E−001 | 5.56696818699821E−001 | 2.5539064668188899E−0012 |
101 | 9.90196078431373E−001 | 5.48525923162060E−001 | 5.48525923372496E−001 | 3.8363871413555668E−0010 |
i | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9.80392156862745E−003 | 9.99951942066832E−001 | 9.99951941945873E−001 | 1.2096561110551905E−0010 |
2 | 1.96078431372549E−002 | 9.99807772540009E−001 | 9.99807772402643E−001 | 1.3739230702850172E−0010 |
3 | 2.94117647058824E−002 | 9.99567505366890E−001 | 9.99567505227327E−001 | 1.3962308098692344E−0010 |
4 | 3.92156862745098E−002 | 9.99231163653289E−001 | 9.99231163513471E−001 | 1.3992584817200405E−0010 |
5 | 4.90196078431373E−002 | 9.98798779728729E−001 | 9.98798779588930E−001 | 1.3996708150907900E−0010 |
6 | 5.88235294117647E−002 | 9.98270395152495E−001 | 9.98270395012765E−001 | 1.3997254664803141E−0010 |
7 | 6.86274509803922E−002 | 9.97646060710889E−001 | 9.97646060571245E−001 | 1.3997356337176123E−0010 |
8 | 7.84313725490196E−002 | 9.96925836412511E−001 | 9.96925836272967E−001 | 1.3997367885991410E−0010 |
9 | 8.82352941176471E−002 | 9.96109791482517E−001 | 9.96109791343088E−001 | 1.3997366165469848E−0010 |
10 | 9.80392156862745E−002 | 9.95198004355971E−001 | 9.95198004216670E−001 | 1.3997338883491656E−0010 |
91 | 8.92156862745098E−001 | 6.27734526828844E−001 | 6.27734526740978E−001 | 1.3997325944006513E−0010 |
92 | 9.01960784313726E−001 | 6.20072839280928E−001 | 6.20072839194135E−001 | 1.3997354647337602E−0010 |
93 | 9.11764705882353E−001 | 6.12351552744867E−001 | 6.12351552659154E−001 | 1.3997350359794923E−0010 |
94 | 9.21568627450981E−001 | 6.04571409360671E−001 | 6.04571409276047E−001 | 1.3997349725125982E−0010 |
95 | 9.31372549019608E−001 | 5.96733156925445E−001 | 5.96733156841918E−001 | 1.3997353950232016E−0010 |
96 | 9.41176470588235E−001 | 5.88837548821508E−001 | 5.88837548739087E−001 | 1.3997269903698502E−0010 |
97 | 9.50980392156863E−001 | 5.80885343943982E−001 | 5.80885343862677E−001 | 1.3996750760490411E−0010 |
98 | 9.60784313725490E−001 | 5.72877306627834E−001 | 5.72877306547672E−001 | 1.3992871988873559E−0010 |
99 | 9.70588235294118E−001 | 5.64814206574324E−001 | 5.64814206495454E−001 | 1.3963828751268067E−0010 |
100 | 9.80392156862745E−001 | 5.56696818776349E−001 | 5.56696818699821E−001 | 1.3746881187908235E−0010 |
101 | 9.90196078431373E−001 | 5.48525923439006E−001 | 5.48525923372496E−001 | 1.2125126957261208E−0010 |
Results for
As discussed previously, an even
The average relative error is:
Results for
We have chosen
The average relative error is:
Results for
Here, we chose
The average relative error is:
i | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9.90099009900990E−003 | 9.99950985413958E−001 | 9.99950985597937E−001 | 1.8398773919563958E−0010 |
2 | 1.98019801980198E−002 | 9.99803946395796E−001 | 9.99803947196571E−001 | 8.0093202683270216E−0010 |
3 | 2.97029702970297E−002 | 9.99558898593239E−001 | 9.99558899209900E−001 | 6.1693274098274626E−0010 |
4 | 3.96039603960396E−002 | 9.99215865659999E−001 | 9.99215865659686E−001 | 3.1399524121039765E−0013 |
5 | 4.95049504950495E−002 | 9.98774879989561E−001 | 9.98774880173097E−001 | 1.8376131588050342E−0010 |
6 | 5.94059405940594E−002 | 9.98235985179266E−001 | 9.98235985979413E−001 | 8.0156113582501274E−0010 |
7 | 6.93069306930693E−002 | 9.97599235289941E−001 | 9.97599235905788E−001 | 6.1732943544062830E−0010 |
8 | 7.92079207920792E−002 | 9.96864692373325E−001 | 9.96864692372070E−001 | 1.2593887674552596E−0012 |
9 | 8.91089108910891E−002 | 9.96032427202216E−001 | 9.96032427384682E−001 | 1.8319331916118718E−0010 |
10 | 9.90099009900990E−002 | 9.95102521730675E−001 | 9.95102522529567E−001 | 8.0282432173132566E−0010 |
91 | 9.00990099009901E−001 | 6.20834092053905E−001 | 6.20834092518855E−001 | 7.4891231987014065E−0010 |
92 | 9.10891089108911E−001 | 6.13041987883727E−001 | 6.13041987728773E−001 | 2.5276163392022263E−0010 |
93 | 9.20792079207921E−001 | 6.05189787139772E−001 | 6.05189787165755E−001 | 4.2933261665883136E−0011 |
94 | 9.30693069306931E−001 | 5.97278259932026E−001 | 5.97278260571631E−001 | 1.0708653465812175E−0009 |
95 | 9.40594059405941E−001 | 5.89308183051566E−001 | 5.89308183503892E−001 | 7.6755473655097554E−0010 |
96 | 9.50495049504951E−001 | 5.81280337427352E−001 | 5.81280337259664E−001 | 2.8848114749042855E−0010 |
97 | 9.60396039603961E−001 | 5.73195508785939E−001 | 5.73195508799111E−001 | 2.2978813851560844E−0011 |
98 | 9.70297029702970E−001 | 5.65054490041582E−001 | 5.65054490668300E−001 | 1.1091280560131502E−0009 |
99 | 9.80198019801980E−001 | 5.56858080482170E−001 | 5.56858080921502E−001 | 7.8894870049122436E−0010 |
100 | 9.90099009900990E−001 | 5.48607083223752E−001 | 5.48607083042964E−001 | 3.2953972841320839E−0010 |
i | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9.90099009900990E−003 | 9.99950985242091E−001 | 9.99950985597937E−001 | 3.5586379483562324E−0010 |
2 | 1.98019801980198E−002 | 9.99803946929605E−001 | 9.99803947196571E−001 | 2.6701791037889036E−0010 |
3 | 2.97029702970297E−002 | 9.99558899165576E−001 | 9.99558899209900E−001 | 4.4343326755485030E−0011 |
4 | 3.96039603960396E−002 | 9.99215865192700E−001 | 9.99215865659686E−001 | 4.6735236143404706E−0010 |
5 | 4.95049504950495E−002 | 9.98774880117737E−001 | 9.98774880173097E−001 | 5.5427955765178991E−0011 |
6 | 5.94059405940594E−002 | 9.98235985729627E−001 | 9.98235985979413E−001 | 2.5022793037498129E−0010 |
7 | 6.93069306930693E−002 | 9.97599235536414E−001 | 9.97599235905788E−001 | 3.7026300099084775E−0010 |
8 | 7.92079207920792E−002 | 9.96864692377012E−001 | 9.96864692372070E−001 | 4.9582585715518357E−0012 |
9 | 8.91089108910891E−002 | 9.96032426948358E−001 | 9.96032427384682E−001 | 4.3806168542894748E−0010 |
10 | 9.90099009900990E−002 | 9.95102522381527E−001 | 9.95102522529567E−001 | 1.4876861562672179E−0010 |
91 | 9.00990099009901E−001 | 6.20834092614578E−001 | 6.20834092518855E−001 | 1.5418448543249738E−0010 |
92 | 9.10891089108911E−001 | 6.13041987423092E−001 | 6.13041987728773E−001 | 4.9863021489967694E−0010 |
93 | 9.20792079207921E−001 | 6.05189787037652E−001 | 6.05189787165755E−001 | 2.1167386556819549E−0010 |
94 | 9.30693069306931E−001 | 5.97278260584832E−001 | 5.97278260571631E−001 | 2.2101919194863757E−0011 |
95 | 9.40594059405941E−001 | 5.89308183133875E−001 | 5.89308183503892E−001 | 6.2788391270672475E−0010 |
96 | 9.50495049504951E−001 | 5.81280337329553E−001 | 5.81280337259664E−001 | 1.2023360003549033E−0010 |
97 | 9.60396039603961E−001 | 5.73195508598808E−001 | 5.73195508799111E−001 | 3.4944930881705515E−0010 |
98 | 9.70297029702970E−001 | 5.65054490439854E−001 | 5.65054490668300E−001 | 4.0429028285843806E−0010 |
99 | 9.80198019801980E−001 | 5.56858081011978E−001 | 5.56858080921502E−001 | 1.6247619492595485E−0010 |
100 | 9.90099009900990E−001 | 5.48607082689770E−001 | 5.48607083042964E−001 | 6.4380143912763474E−0010 |
i | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9.90099009900990E−003 | 9.99950985165498E−001 | 9.99950985597937E−001 | 4.3246050337875252E−0010 |
2 | 1.98019801980198E−002 | 9.99803946266060E−001 | 9.99803947196571E−001 | 9.3069280038330958E−0010 |
3 | 2.97029702970297E−002 | 9.99558898562528E−001 | 9.99558899209900E−001 | 6.4765728290964678E−0010 |
4 | 3.96039603960396E−002 | 9.99215865595516E−001 | 9.99215865659686E−001 | 6.4220360034564815E−0011 |
5 | 4.95049504950495E−002 | 9.98774880001021E−001 | 9.98774880173097E−001 | 1.7228731474943806E−0010 |
6 | 5.94059405940594E−002 | 9.98235985192114E−001 | 9.98235985979413E−001 | 7.8869070932665146E−0010 |
7 | 6.93069306930693E−002 | 9.97599235042276E−001 | 9.97599235905788E−001 | 8.6559022861397575E−0010 |
8 | 7.92079207920792E−002 | 9.96864692101434E−001 | 9.96864692372070E−001 | 2.7148637423229801E−0010 |
9 | 8.91089108910891E−002 | 9.96032427368695E−001 | 9.96032427384682E−001 | 1.6051006109191849E−0011 |
10 | 9.90099009900990E−002 | 9.95102521997773E−001 | 9.95102522529567E−001 | 5.3441098593454748E−0010 |
91 | 9.00990099009901E−001 | 6.20834091812921E−001 | 6.20834092518855E−001 | 1.1370747251206308E−0009 |
---|---|---|---|---|
92 | 9.10891089108911E−001 | 6.13041987603484E−001 | 6.13041987728773E−001 | 2.0437335124343511E−0010 |
93 | 9.20792079207921E−001 | 6.05189787343172E−001 | 6.05189787165755E−001 | 2.9315977703782487E−0010 |
94 | 9.30693069306931E−001 | 5.97278260265498E−001 | 5.97278260571631E−001 | 5.1254615306532111E−0010 |
95 | 9.40594059405941E−001 | 5.89308182756331E−001 | 5.89308183503892E−001 | 1.2685400169528473E−0009 |
96 | 9.50495049504951E−001 | 5.81280336869604E−001 | 5.81280337259664E−001 | 6.7103458031079775E−0010 |
97 | 9.60396039603961E−001 | 5.73195508964148E−001 | 5.73195508799111E−001 | 2.8792441940908892E−0010 |
98 | 9.70297029702970E−001 | 5.65054490648843E−001 | 5.65054490668300E−001 | 3.4434225263931278E−0011 |
99 | 9.80198019801980E−001 | 5.56858080298119E−001 | 5.56858080921502E−001 | 1.1194653831954508E−0009 |
100 | 9.90099009900990E−001 | 5.48607082429465E−001 | 5.48607083042964E−001 | 1.1182847201513194E−0009 |
We give here, additionally, the inverse of the tridiagonal antisymmetric matrix:
Arguing as we did with the matrix (A), we get the characteristic equation to obtain the determinant of
The discriminant
One can remark that
Then, the inverse of
The corresponding applications for the inverse matrix
This study has given the semi-analytical solution of each equation differential whose discretization leads to algebraic equations of the form