Transparent thin layer indium tin oxide was coated on polyethylene tetraphetalate (PET) substrate by means of spin coating process and its opto-electronic properties have been investigated. The surface treated by pulse Nd-YAG laser. Pulse frequency, duration and energy were, 1000 Hz, 0.2 to 20 ms and 25 to 40 J respectively. The effect of treatment on crystallization, optical properties and bonding processes of the thin layer was investigated. The results show that ITO coated on flexible PET substrates is conductive and transparent. The sheet transparency for a 350 nm thickness in the visible range is more than 83.6%. Using Nd-YAG laser increased conductivity by a factor of 100 times and causes higher bonding performances.
Due to special properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) and ITO doped materials, it is widely used for many applications [1,2]. ITO also has singular optical and electrical properties in crystal serving flat display, thin film transistor and solar cells. However, most of researcher was using glass substrates to deposit the films [3,4], while few reports treated the polymer substrate [5,6].
Nowadays, there is a demand for production of flexible conductive polymer, and this area is a popular research zone which could affect on technology development, especially in the field of touch-panel display and solar cell industries [7,8]. The main problem which still remains is the annealing of the substrate. Since polymers cannot tolerate the high temperature, it is not possible to use high temperature as annealing mode for crystallization.
In this work PET has been used as substrate due to its low density and softness. PET also has been used widely in the electrical industries due to its dielectric and mechanical properties and there is a suitable adhesion between the ITO and flexible PET.
Using bonding materials is a major technique for bonding the ITO on polymer substrate. In this process a monomer can be treated by heat or UV light to form a polymer with a good bonding strength between the two layers. But this adhesive method suffering from contamination and lowering conductivity [9]. Recently bonding energy is used instead of bonding materials [10,11], in this processes energy from sources such as Nd-YAG laser is applied on the contacting boundary to melt and fuse the layers. Both continuous and pulsed laser is used for the wide range of materials includes dielectric to metal ceramics, semi conductors, polymer and biological tissue [12].
This paper reports on the latest achievements of ITO coating by spin process and pulse Nd-YAG laser treatment techniques.
2. Experimental
The principle of operation is based on our previous work [13,14]. Indium tin oxide nanopowders can be fully dispersed in alcohol by applying ultrasonic energy. The ITO sols were deposited on PET substrates by a spin coating process which was made in our lab. The optimum spin rate was found to be 1100 rpm for 30 seconds. The resulting sheets were first cured at 180˚C up to 60 min before treatment with laser.
A pulse Nd-YAG laser, model 1QL-10 was used as the laser source. Pulse frequency was between 1000 to 1500 Hz, duration was between 0.2 to 20 ms and the applied energy was between 25 to 40 J. The bonding and crystallization process by the laser source carried out either in single or replicated steps.
The resistance, measured by a multimeter model “Sanwa-JP-120” and transmittance of thin film coated on PET substrate measured in the spectra range of 300 to 800 nm with a UV-VIS “Perkin Elmer Spectrometer”. The surface morphologies were characterized by optical microscope mode, ZEISS-Axisokop 2 MAT and scanning electron microscope (SEM) “ZEISS DSM-960 A”.
3. Results and Discussions
PET has excellent flexibility, reliability and light weight, so it is a good candidate for substrate of devices including organic electronic, biomedical and flexible display. The substrates should be clean and without any impurity and dusts and before layer deposition should be treated carefully. Otherwise poor performance of untreated substrate causes low conductivity and no adhesion effect [15, 16].
In this work 5 × 5 cm sheet of PET was treated by distilled water, weak acids and bases and spin coating process has been used as a high speed processing, low device cost and ability to coat from a very thin (few hundred nanometer) to thick (few micrometer) homogeny layer. Prior to spin coating, Sonication of the ITO liquid has been used for breaking intermolecular interaction and dispersing nanoparticles in liquid to obtain smooth films with high optical transmittance.
The main challenge of using flexible substrate is limitation of temperature treatment [7] to value up to 180˚C. Annealing of the substrate was carried out by heating at maximum tolerable temperature and the resistance obtained was above 500 KΩ. In these conditions the ITO cannot be crystallized completely. This value remains constant as long as the sheet is kept in vacuum or in protective atmosphere. But when laser used as a step for crystallization and bonding treatment, a significant improvement achieved. Figure 1 shows the effect of pulse Nd-YAG laser on resistance with or without annealing at 180˚C. At optimum point, when the thickness of ITO layer on PET substrate increased to 350 - 400 nm, the resistance reduced dramatically to about 0.6 KΩ.
Figure 2 shows the SEM morphologies for ITO films deposited on PET substrate. ITO films grown on PET substrate showed very smooth surface morphology. Excellent flexibility of the transparent ITO coated sheet is shown in Figure 3. Further experiment has been done to
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