Patients under systemic (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) EDTA are at risk of hemorrhage for any accidental trauma even the superficial ones. This research is a trial to use 980 nm wavelength laser light to provide coagulation for such patients in a local region without collateral thermal damage. Material and Method: 980 nm Diode laser operating in a continuous mode (CW) was incident on human blood treated with EDTA inDurhamtubes. The used parameters were (2.25, 3, 3.75 and 6.75) W output power for variable exposure times (1, 3, 9 and 27) s. Results: A homogenous clot was performed at 4327.84 J/cm2 deposited energy density with the absence of any thermal stress in the blood. Conclusion: 980 nm laser wavelength provides a local photochemical bond break of the anticoagulant enhancing blood coagulation for medically compromised patients.
Blood coagulation is best described as a complex threshold limited intertwined set of processes that include physical, cellular, and biochemical events. It is a sequential process that involves the interaction of numerous blood components called coagulation factors. There are 13 principal coagulation factors among the better-known factors which are fibrinogen, prothrombin (factors I and II) and antihemophilic globulin (factor VIII). Clotting requires calcium to precede the cascade reaction as shown in
The first step in coagulation is the formation of prothrombin activator. This substance is formed in response to compounds released by the damaged vessel wall. Prothrombin activator also forms in response to changes in the blood itself; these changes result from the blood contacting the collagen fibers of the ruptured vessel. Once formed, prothrombin activator initiates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin, in turn, catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen—a soluble plasma protein—into long, sticky threads of insoluble fibrin. The fibrin threads form a mesh that traps platelets, blood cells and plasma. Within minutes, the fibrin meshwork begins to contract, squeezing out its fluid contents. This process which is called clot retraction is the final step in coagulation. It yields a resilient, insoluble clot that can withstand the friction of blood flow [1,2].
Disorders of coagulation can lead to an increased risk of bleeding (hemorrhage) or obstructive clotting (thrombosis).
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) acts as a chelator and binds with calcium which is required for
coagulation thereby making calcium unavailable and inhibiting clotting [
This research is an attempt to provide hemostasis for patients receive EDTA treatment. This is performed by utilizing the 980 nm laser photochemical interaction mechanism. The mechanism depended on breaking specific bond and freeing calcium ion to provide clotting locally at the area of injury without altering the patient’s general health.
10 ml of rabbit blood was collected in anticoagulant tubes (0.5 ml Potassium EDTA) KE/2.5 ml. Eventually, the blood was dispensed on Durham tubes (5 × 33 mm) which were held in upright position in certain rack for the irradiation procedure.
(Gigaa VELAS 60, China) emitting a 980 nm wavelength GaAlAs Diode laser, CW mode of operation was used. The delivery system was an optical fiber of gauges 1000 µm. The output power was used (2.25, 3, 3.75 and 6.75) W for variable exposure times (1, 3, 9 and 27) s TEM00 mode.
The optical fiber was held at incidence angle at a constant distance from the surface of the blood inside Durham tubes (see
The aiming beam of the laser system 635 nm wavelength was used to create a contrast for measuring the
border periphery of the coagulated blood. Insulin syringe was used as a measuring tool for the coagulated blood volume.
The first reading of the results plotted in
Clinically there was a film thickness of disturbed blood spot of 1mm in diameter exactly at 895.26 J/cm2 deposited energy density (288.46 W/cm2 for 3 s exposure time); while for nearly comparative deposited energy density of 865.38 W/cm2 (865.38 W/cm2 for 1s exposure time), nothing was obvious. Moreover, at 2596.14 J/cm2 deposited energy density (288.46 W/cm2 for 9 s exposure time), there was a layer of 0.02 ml of coagulated blood but at 2596.14 J/cm2 (865.38 W/cm2 for 3 s exposure time), there was irregular clot. The clot was formed as a sequence of boiling and air bubbles escaping out of the container during irradiation as a result to a photothermal interaction (Johansson2009). Measuring the clotting volume was difficult due to the presence of air bubbles.
A homogenous blood clot of 0.09 ml volume with
complete sealing of the internal border of the Durham tube was performed exactly at 4326.84 J/cm2 (480.76 W/cm2 for 9 s exposure time). Reducing the power density to 384.61 W/cm2 for 9 s exposure time (3461.49 J/cm2) the formed clot was smooth and the clot amount was 0.04 ml. Neither boiling nor ejection of blood droplets were noticed as shown in
980 nm wavelength is used widely in the field of angiosurgery, angioplasty, and soft tissue welding, such procedures include coagulation and denaturation of tissue proteins with minimum thermal damage. The results of this research show the ability of 980 nm wavelength in clotting blood even with the presence of EDTA.
The four acid sites and the two nitrogen atoms contain unshared electron pairs, so that a single EDTA ion can form a complex with up to six sites on a given cation. Adding EDTA as an anticoagulant to the blood chelates Ca2+ forming EdetateCalicium Disodium (Ca2+(MeCO2)- MeCO2). The dissociation energy for this complex as reported by Lide (2007) [
(CH3COO)2Ca freeing Ca2+ ion to the blood within a limited volume that can be controlled by incident laser beam to enhance the cascade reaction of clotting. Immediately, the clotting cascade is fastened by the photothermal mechanism of interaction that is induced by the 980 nm laser, which occurs due to the absorption of the 980 nm diode laser within the vibrational and rotational energy levels of the chromophores in the blood. The effect is in agreement with Mirdan, 2012 and Johansson, 2009 [11,12]. The clot formation without thermal vaporization is influenced by the exposure time rather than by the incident power density. These results agree with the
map of laser tissue interaction [
The major conclusion is that 980 nm wavelength is an efficient tool to coagulate the blood in patients under the influence of EDTA without compromising their general health. Moreover, the control of the coagulation depth can be controlled by the incident beam deposit energy density. The advantage of such photochemical enhanced coagulation by using 980 nm wavelength can be performed with the absence of any collateral thermal damage if there is a control of laser dose parameters main exposure time and incident power density applied. Thus, 980 nm wavelength diode laser could be a useful modality of hemostasis in the surgical procedure for the patients who are on EDTA.