Jiangxi’s Resistance War: Translation, Dissemination, and Global Reception

This study addresses the marginalization of Jiangxi’s Resistance War within global World War II narratives by employing cultural translation theory and cross-cultural communication frameworks, utilizing methods of document analysis and case study to systematically examine its translation practices and international dissemination efficacy. The findings reveal that existing translations exhibit non-systematic presentation and selective adaptation characteristics, with translation quality compromised by inaccurate conversion of culture-loaded terms. Furthermore, singular dissemination channels coupled with cultural discount effects have resulted in weak international recognition. To overcome these challenges, the study proposes a systematic optimization strategy. Regarding translation, it recommends forming specialized translator teams for collaborative work, conducting systematic compilation of core historical materials such as military-civilian archives and local chronicles, and developing a cross-cultural conversion model for cultural imagery to eliminate semantic distortion. In terms of dissemination, the study advocates integrating digital media platforms with international cooperative publishing resources, designing layered narrative frameworks tailored to audience cultural backgrounds, and establishing quantitative evaluation indicators for dynamic optimization of communication effects. The research makes dual contributions: empirically demonstrating the strategic value of China’s battlefield in the Global War against Fascism while facilitating deeper integration of regional history of the resistance war into worldwide war narratives, and innovatively proposing a tripartite “historical translation-dissemination channel-effect evaluation” paradigm for international dissemination of regional history, providing a replicable methodological framework for similar historical dissemination studies in China and globally.

• Jiangxi’s Resistance War
• International Dissemination
• Cultural Translation
• Cross-Cultural Communication

1. Introduction

History, as the “biography of nations and humanity” ( Xi, 2025 ), carries memories imbued with transcendent and timeless value. The year 2025 marks the 80^th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the Global War against Fascism—a pivotal historical moment that underscores the significance of in-depth exploration and dissemination of regional history of the resistance war across China. Jiangxi (a province in southeastern China), a critical junction connecting the southeastern frontlines and strategic rear areas during the war, served as a formidable bulwark forged by the flesh and blood of its military and civilians. Not only did it effectively contain and deplete Japanese forces militarily, but it also crystallized a regional ethos centered on collective will and national integrity, constituting an integral part of the spiritual legacy of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. However, the international recognition of Jiangxi’s Resistance War remains disproportionately low relative to its historical importance. Compared to macro-level studies of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, research on the international dissemination of Jiangxi’s Resistance War narrative exhibits notable gaps. Existing English translations are largely fragmented within broader historical accounts, plagued by inconsistent quality, piecemeal content, and inadequate conveyance of cultural and ideological depth. Consequently, this invaluable historical memory occupies a marginalized position in global discourse. Prominent historical accounts of the War of Resistance systematically document the wartime narratives of Yan’an, Nanjing, and Wuhan ( Zhi, 2015 ; Mitter, 2015 ; Chen, Zhao, & Xu, 2021 ), while conspicuously omitting comparable coverage of Jiangxi’s resistance experience. This representational disparity underscores the peripheral status of Jiangxi’s wartime history within dominant historiographical discourses. Grounding its analysis in core local historical sources such as An Eternal Pain: Archival and Oral Histories of Japanese Atrocities in Jiangxi during the War of Resistance and A Comprehensive Record of China’s War of Resistance: Jiangxi Volume, this study explores methodologies for handling culture-loaded terms through cultural translation theory and cross-cultural communication principles, examines pathways to accurately convey the spiritual fortitude of Jiangxi’s military and civilians, and proposes strategies to optimize translated content and dissemination channels for enhanced perception among international audiences. By resolving these challenges, this research aims to furnish theoretical and practical frameworks for the international dissemination of Jiangxi’s Resistance War, facilitating its integration into the broader global World War II narratives while offering a model for analogous studies. The in-depth exploration of regional historical materials on the resistance war carries dual significance. Academically, the systematic compilation of local archives fills critical micro-level gaps in the study of the war, elucidating the dynamic interplay between regional resistance efforts and the broader national military strategy, thereby providing an empirical foundation for reconstructing a more comprehensive historical narrative. From a cultural heritage perspective, these materials embody the collective memory of local communities, serving as vital vessels for preserving the spirit of the war and fostering historical identity. Advancing the translation and dissemination of regional wartime records holds strategic importance in challenging the Western-dominated discourse on World War II. By accurately conveying the unique contributions and resilient ethos of Jiangxi’s military and civilian populations, this endeavor helps rectify the fragmented international understanding of China’s wartime experience. Moreover, employing localized narratives as an entry point vividly showcases both the diversity and unity of the Chinese people’s resistance, offering profound historical insights for building a global community with a shared future. This approach not only enriches global World War II historiography but also strengthens cross-cultural dialogue in war memory studies.

2. Theoretical Framework: Perspectives from Cultural Translation and Cross-Cultural Communication

The translation and dissemination of “Jiangxi’s Resistance War”—a textual system embedded with profound national memory and regional cultural identity—constitutes a complex endeavor deeply rooted in cultural transposition and meaning transfer. The analytical lens of cultural translation theory, with its focus on “deep cultural transposition,” and the cross-cultural communication theory, with its emphasis on “effective audience reach,” together provide a robust theoretical foundation for transforming Jiangxi’s Resistance War from local knowledge into an internationally intelligible historical narrative.

2.1. Core Concerns and Practical Approaches in Cultural Translation Theory

Cultural translation theory transcends traditional linguistic code-switching, concentrating instead on the deep cultural connotations carried by language and their dynamic negotiation and reconstruction in cross-lingual transfer ( Liu, 2007 ). Its key concepts are particularly critical to this study. First, the challenge and transformation of culture-loaded terms. The texts of Jiangxi’s Resistance War abound with culture-specific symbols from a distinct historical and regional context, such as dialect-laden terms (e.g., “sheep-intestine path (Yangchang xiaodao), denoting narrow mountain trails in Jiangxi’s rugged terrain) and geographically or emotionally charged proper nouns (e.g., “Madang Fortress (Madang yaosai), a pivotal military stronghold in the Yangtze River defensive system during China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression”; “Three Poems of Meiling, a revolutionary poetic triptych composed in 1936 by Chen Yi, a key Communist military leader, during the Jiangxi-Guangdong guerrilla campaign (1934-1937)”). These terms often lack direct equivalents in target cultures, posing a core translation challenge. Translators must accurately convey historical facts while reconstructing their cultural and contextual associations through strategic paraphrasing or annotative adaptation, preventing meaning loss or distortion due to “lexical voids.” Second, the art of handling unique linguistic phenomena. Folkloric expressions, such as local ballads, demand the preservation of their vernacular wisdom and emotional resonance, whereas region-specific cultural concepts (e.g., the clan-based ethos of Jiangxi’s Hakka communities) require an in-depth grasp of their cultural essence to determine the most effective rendering. This necessitates translators’ dual mastery of Chinese and Western cultural literacy and historical insight. Third, the strategic balance between domestication and foreignization. The dichotomy of domestication vs. foreignization, formally theorized by Venuti (Venuti, 1995) in the Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation, is particularly pivotal here. For Jiangxi’s Resistance War, a “foreignization-prioritized, domestication-supplemented” approach is advisable: Retaining key proper nouns and core concepts in their original form (e.g., “Jiangxi Soviet”) to preserve historical authenticity, and supplementing them with contextualized explanations to ensure intelligibility without diluting cultural uniqueness. This balance ensures that the translation conveys “cultural otherness” while remaining accessible to the target audience, achieving a synthesis of historical fidelity and dissemination efficacy.

2.2. Core Concerns and Audience-Centric Approaches in Cross-Cultural Communication Theory

Cross-cultural communication theory examines how information flows and is comprehended among groups with divergent cultural backgrounds, cognitive frameworks, and symbolic systems. Its core concerns directly address the international dissemination efficacy of Jiangxi’s Resistance War. First, it focuses on the causes of cultural discount and ways to mitigate it. The concept of “cultural discount” ( Hoskins & Mirus, 1988 ) posits that cultural products rooted in one society lose appeal and value when entering another due to cultural dissonance. The international dissemination of Jiangxi’s Resistance War faces multiple discount risks, including: International audiences’ general unfamiliarity with modern Chinese history, limited awareness of Jiangxi’s regional particularities, and poor contextual grasp of specific wartime conditions. Recognizing these factors is essential for devising effective dissemination strategies. Second, it emphasizes the importance of precise audience analysis. Successful dissemination begins with deep audience insight. Tailored approaches are needed for distinct groups: Academic audiences (e.g., Western scholars) require rigorous sourcing, archival fidelity, and scholarly framing, while general readers benefit from narrative-driven, humanized storytelling and visual aids to enhance engagement. Third, it highlights the significance of optimized content adaptation. Based on audience analysis and cultural discount awareness, content must be strategically refined. For instance, thematic selection should prioritize narratives with universal emotional resonance or transnational relevance, while narrative framing should adopt either micro-historical life-story perspectives or comparative frameworks that align with international audiences’ cognitive schemata. This approach avoids unidirectional “propaganda” tones, favoring instead a fact-based, dialogic mode of dissemination that fosters cross-cultural engagement.

3. Current Status and Problem Analysis of Translation and International Dissemination of Jiangxi’s Resistance War

As an integral part of China’s grand narrative of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Jiangxi’s Resistance War carries profound historical details, distinctive regional cultural traits, and lofty national spiritual values. However, its international influence remains disproportionately weak compared to its domestic historical significance, with translation and international dissemination efforts still lagging behind ( You, 2015 ). To systematically examine the existing issues in the translation and international dissemination of Jiangxi’s Resistance War, this study employs document analysis and case study methods for empirical investigation. By comprehensively analyzing the quantitative distribution, thematic coverage, and dissemination scope of relevant translated works in both Chinese and international contexts, along with cross-archival verification and cross-cultural interpretation of representative cases such as the mistranslation of “Li Chiang-lin,” this chapter provides bidirectional validation of the structural deficiencies in translation practices and the root causes of ineffective dissemination, thereby establishing an empirical foundation for subsequent strategy optimization. The research analysis reveals that the weaknesses in translation—such as scarcity of output, quality deficiencies, content inaccuracies, and a lack of specialized translators—constitute fundamental constraints. Meanwhile, ineffective dissemination—marked by fragmented channels and limited impact—prevents even the available materials from effectively reaching target audiences or generating the desired influence. Consequently, the core historical and spiritual essence of Jiangxi’s Resistance War suffers from cultural discount and dissemination breakdowns, further diminishing its international discursive power.

3.1. Overview of Existing Translated Works

Currently, Chinese-English translations related to Jiangxi’s Resistance War remain scarce and scattered in both domestic and foreign publishing spheres, occasionally marred by distortions in content. A systematic and large-scale translation framework has yet to be established. First, the scarcity and fragmentation of published works. Compared to the abundant translations on broader narratives of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (e.g., the Battle of Shanghai), dedicated translations focusing on Jiangxi—such as systematic historical archives or local chronicles—are nearly absent. Existing references to Jiangxi are mostly ancillary mentions in: Comprehensive wartime histories (e.g., The Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression: A Concise History, an official English translation by the Central Compilation and Translation Bureau, briefly notes the “Great Victory of Wanjialing” in Jiangxi ( Zhi, 2015 )), memoirs and wartime reports (e.g., Edgar Snow’s Red Star Over China mentions Jiangxi-born soldiers, quoting their loyalty: “Do you like the Red Army?...” ( Snow, 2016 )), academic studies (e.g., Hans van de Ven’s War and Nationalism in China, 1925-1945 acknowledges the Battle of Shanggao as “a Chinese victory, less famous than Taierzhuang but no less impressive” ( Van de ven, 2003 )) and historical journalism (e.g., North China Herald once objectively portrayed Jiangxi revolutionary Fang Zhimin as a “national hero fighting for China’s independence and the liberation of its oppressed people” ( Wan & He, 2020 )). This fragmented distribution makes it difficult for international audiences to construct a comprehensive, coherent, and in-depth understanding of Jiangxi’s Resistance War, resulting in unsystematic and incomplete information. Second, distortions in translated content. A notable case is Edgar Snow’s Red Star Over China, which references a Jiangxi Soviet military figure as “Li Chiang-lin”—a phonetic misinterpretation due to archival gaps and insufficient verification during translation. Later cross-referencing of historical records and diachronic analysis of naming conventions revealed this to be Li Xiangling (later renamed Li Tao), a founding general of the People’s Republic of China who served as director of the Political Security Bureau of the Red First Front Army, chief of the Central Military Commission’s Operations Department during the Agrarian Revolution and a key military strategist and intelligence officer during Jiangxi’s Soviet Area counter-encirclement and -suppression campaign ( Che, 2024 ). Such translation inaccuracies, if unrectified, risk perpetuating historical misrepresentations in international scholarship.

3.2. Core Issues in the Translation Process

The existing limited translated works suffer from multiple structural deficiencies in translation quality, content selection, and translator competence, severely hindering the authentic, comprehensive, and effective international dissemination of Jiangxi’s Resistance War.

The deficiencies in translation practices are primarily reflected in three dimensions: Lack of accuracy, inadequate readability and recurrent mistranslations. First, in terms of lack of accuracy, issues extend beyond erroneous renditions of personal names to include politically and militarily specific terminology (e.g., “Red Guards,” “baojia system,” “guerrilla strongholds”), toponyms (e.g., key battlefields and base areas), and institutional designations (e.g., local resistance organizations) unique to the historical and regional context. These terms often suffer from inconsistent and imprecise translations, with some mechanically literal renderings distorting their original semantic nuances. Furthermore, insufficient comprehension of the historical background, nature, and impact of key events (e.g., “counter-campaigns against ‘mopping-up operations,’” “defensive battles”) results in translations that fail to adequately convey their strategic significance and contextual depth. Similarly, culturally embedded concepts—such as abstract notions like “collective will (jiti yizhi),” “national integrity (minzu qijie),” and “the spirit of the red soil,” as well as folk expressions and classical Chinese phrases—are frequently rendered superficially, losing their underlying cultural connotations. Second, inadequate readability arises from excessive adherence to source-language syntax, yielding rigid and unnatural target-language (primarily English) expressions that deviate from audience expectations, thereby diminishing textual accessibility. Third, recurrent mistranslations, meanwhile, are not confined to systematic errors in proper nouns but also permeate critical historical facts, quantitative data, and cited texts, where misinterpretations or editorial oversights compromise the credibility of historical narratives.

The prevailing issues include the absence of dedicated translations for major regional historical works (e.g., Compilation of Historical Materials on the War of Resistance in Southern Jiangxi), an overemphasis on military narratives that marginalizes socio-cultural and spiritual-value dimensions, and unrepresentative sampling that excludes iconic events epitomizing Jiangxi’s resistance spirit. This manifests in three critical shortcomings: First, the lack of complete, high-quality translations for seminal regional historical texts such as An Eternal Pain: Archival and Oral Histories of Japanese Atrocities in Jiangxi during the War of Resistance, A Comprehensive Record of China’s War of Resistance: Jiangxi Volume, and Compilation of Historical Materials on the War of Resistance in Southern Jiangxi has resulted in a severe deficit of key primary sources in international dissemination. Second, existing translations exhibit a pronounced imbalance, disproportionately focusing on simplified military accounts (e.g., battle tactics and operational summaries) while neglecting the multidimensional nature of Jiangxi’s Resistance War. This includes insufficient attention to the war’s profound societal impacts—such as shifts in economic structures, cultural-educational transformations, and population displacement—as well as inadequate representation of civilian experiences (e.g., psychological trauma, grassroots resistance efforts in logistics, medical aid, and intelligence networks). Moreover, translations often fail to capture the spiritual ethos of resilience (e.g., “collective will,” “national integrity”) or Jiangxi’s unique regional identity as both a former Soviet base and a critical frontline and rear area, compounded by its distinctive Hakka cultural heritage. Third, the selection process lacks representational equity, omitting historically pivotal elements such as detailed accounts of decisive battles (e.g., the Battle of Wanjialing, the Shanggao Campaign), the contributions of Jiangxi-born military leaders, civilian heroes, and international allies, as well as emblematic resistance slogans, events, and cultural works. This skewed and fragmentary content curation yields a flattened, incomplete, and spiritually hollow narrative for international audiences, significantly undermining the depth and breadth of historical representation.

Critical gaps persist in specialized expertise, with a severe shortage of translators possessing dual mastery of advanced bilingual competence (particularly in academic historical translation), substantive knowledge of modern Chinese history (especially the War of Resistance and Jiangxi’s regional history), and cross-cultural communication sensitivity. The current translator pool exhibits significant professional imbalances: some excel in linguistic conversion but lack domain-specific historical knowledge, while others, despite familiarity with historical contexts, fall short of professional publishing standards in foreign-language expression. Compounding this issue is the prevalent superficiality in historical understanding—many translators lack systematic comprehension of Jiangxi’s wartime trajectory, pivotal events, and regional particularities (e.g., the Soviet zone legacy, the impact of mountainous terrain on guerrilla warfare, Hakka cultural distinctiveness). This knowledge deficit impedes their ability to contextualize historical narratives, articulate emotional resonance, or convey cultural essence, particularly when handling culture-loaded terms, idiosyncratic expressions, and nuanced historical details. Such limitations frequently lead to strained or misleading translations, ultimately compromising textual accuracy and undermining the efficacy of cross-cultural dissemination. The resultant inadequacies manifest most acutely in the mishandling of ideologically and culturally embedded concepts (e.g., “the spirit of the red soil”), where insufficient grasp of their socio-historical connotations perpetuates reductive or distorted interpretations.

3.3. Challenges in International Dissemination

Even the sporadic translated outputs face multiple barriers in reaching global audiences, resulting in low dissemination efficacy.

Current limitations include an overreliance on traditional publishing routes (e.g., foreign-language divisions of domestic publishers or a limited number of international academic presses), resulting in narrow audience reach and constrained impact. Simultaneously, there is a notable underutilization of digital platforms—including mainstream international social media (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube), academic networks (Academia.edu, ResearchGate), and multilingual news portals (CGTN, China Daily columns)—where content dissemination remains sporadic and unprofessional, lacking systematic, platform-specific strategies or sustained operational frameworks. In international cultural exchange arenas such as book fairs, historical exhibitions, academic conferences, and commemorative events, narratives of Jiangxi’s Resistance War are often subsumed under broader China-themed presentations without independent, focused curation. Most critically, the absence of effective cross-channel coordination mechanisms has prevented the formation of an integrated dissemination matrix, leading to fragmented messaging, diminished visibility, and ultimately constraining both the reach and depth of international communication regarding materials of Jiangxi’s Resistance War.

The limited availability of translated materials, their inconsistent quality, and ineffective dissemination strategies have resulted in remarkably low recognition of Jiangxi’s Resistance War within international academia, publishing circles, and public discourse—far from being established as a conventional component of global understanding regarding China’s War of Resistance. Even among the few who encounter such content, comprehension remains superficial due to imbalanced content selection, substandard translations, and unengaging presentation formats, preventing audiences from accurately grasping its distinctive role in both the Chinese theater and the Global War against Fascism. More critically, the spiritual resilience demonstrated by Jiangxi’s military and civilians under extreme adversity—owing to cultural discount effects and flawed communication strategies—fails to evoke meaningful emotional empathy or value recognition among international audiences. Consequently, the historical narrative’s core ethos remains culturally untransmitted, severing the crucial link between cognitive awareness, contextual understanding, and ideological identification. This breakdown in the communication chain has led to a stark disparity between the historical significance of Jiangxi’s Resistance War and its actual international impact.

The profound spiritual values embedded in narratives of Jiangxi’s Resistance War—including the historically and politically contextualized notions of “collective will,” the dignity-affirming “national integrity,” the revolutionary legacy of “red spirit” inherited from the Soviet zone tradition, and the distinctive regional identity—face inherent comprehension barriers among international audiences lacking relevant Chinese cultural and historical frameworks. Current translation and dissemination practices exhibit critical deficiencies in bridging this gap: at the linguistic level, spiritual concepts are frequently oversimplified or abstracted without substantive support from historical accounts or personal narratives; in content selection, excessive emphasis on grand historical narratives and military campaigns marginalizes microhistorical perspectives and humanistic storytelling, thereby diminishing potential for universal empathy; in narrative strategy, there is consistent failure to employ internationally resonant frameworks (e.g., connections to the Global War against Fascism, revelations of humanitarian crises, depictions of civilian resilience) to effectively package and transmit these core values. The direct consequence is severe cultural discounting—if not complete erosion—of the historical narrative’s spiritual essence during cross-cultural transmission, resulting in failed cultural dialogue and thwarted value-sharing. Ultimately, this systemic inadequacy has relegated Jiangxi’s unique spiritual legacy to the periphery of international historical discourse.

The current dissemination efforts suffer from critical deficiencies in both strategic planning and implementation, manifesting most prominently in the lack of top-level design that fails to establish a coherent framework for content selection criteria, translation strategy positioning, target audience segmentation, channel allocation, or presentation formats—all devoid of evidence-based insights from comprehensive international audience research. More critically, the entire dissemination system lacks robust mechanisms for scientific, ongoing impact assessment: neither leveraging digital analytics (including quantitative metrics such as topic engagement, readership statistics, and interaction rates) nor systematically implementing qualitative research methods (audience surveys, expert interviews, or media feedback analysis). This dual deficiency renders accurate evaluation of content reach, awareness levels, comprehension depth, and actual influence virtually impossible. Consequently, the dissemination process operates without either forward-looking strategic guidance or data-driven optimization, severely constraining both the professionalization and sustainable development of international communication efforts regarding Jiangxi’s Resistance War. The absence of this evaluative-iterative loop fundamentally undermines the potential for meaningful cross-cultural historical dialogue and recognition.

4. Optimization Strategies for Translating and Disseminating Jiangxi’s War of Resistance History

President Xi emphasized ( Xi, 2015 ): “To deepen research on the War of Resistance, we must rely more on archives, materials, facts, and testimonies from witnesses—using all forms of human and material evidence. We must strengthen the foundational work of collecting and organizing materials, comprehensively compiling wartime archives, photographs, documents, and artifacts from across China, while also soliciting visual materials, publications, diaries, letters, and physical objects globally. It is crucial to preserve the living memories of war survivors by promptly conducting field investigations and interviews to gather firsthand accounts as much as possible.” Translation serves as the cornerstone of international dissemination, and its quality directly determines whether Jiangxi’s Resistance War can be presented to the world authentically, multidimensionally, and vividly. Addressing current core issues—such as weak translator capacity, imbalanced content selection, and subpar translation quality—this chapter proposes systematic optimization strategies based on cultural translation theory and the textual particularities of Jiangxi’s Resistance War.

4.1. Strengthening Translator Capacity: Building a Professional Foundation

The competence of translators serves as the core safeguard for ensuring historical accuracy and cultural depth in the dissemination of Jiangxi’s Resistance War. Currently, the lack of interdisciplinary professionals proficient in both historical scholarship and translation poses a major bottleneck constraining translation quality. To address this, a multi-pronged approach must be adopted.

There is a pressing need to cultivate versatile talents with historical literacy, linguistic proficiency, and cultural competence through establishing a specialized training system. This could be achieved by founding a “Jiangxi’s Resistance War Translation and Research Center” through collaboration between key provincial universities (e.g., history and foreign language departments) and social science research institutions. The training framework should incorporate three core components: 1) a historical knowledge module systematically covering Jiangxi Soviet history, pivotal battles (e.g., strategic significance of the Wanjialing Victory, tactical characteristics of the Shanggao Campaign), key historical figures (including commanders like Li Tao and civilian heroes), socio-historical contexts (e.g., baojia system, Soviet zone social structures), and geographical influences on guerrilla warfare; 2) an advanced translation skills module focusing on culture-loaded terms (e.g., “Red Guards,” “spirit of the red soil”), local folk expressions, and military terminology, while strengthening historical text verification and research capabilities; 3) a cross-cultural communication module analyzing cultural discount theory, audience psychology, and international historical narrative frameworks. To ensure professional standards, we propose establishing a certification system for “Jiangxi War of Resistance Specialist Translators,” assessing candidates through multi-dimensional evaluations of historical knowledge, translation practice, and cross-cultural understanding. Certified translators would be included in a provincial-level talent database and prioritized for relevant translation projects, thereby providing robust human capital support for the international dissemination of Jiangxi’s Resistance War. However, the implementation of these measures may encounter several difficulties, including securing sustainable funding for research centers, the extended training period required for cultivating interdisciplinary translators, and establishing the academic credibility of certification systems. These issues necessitate long-term institutional solutions such as creating dedicated funding mechanisms and fostering cross-institutional training platforms. Additionally, the insufficient support provided by the current disciplinary framework for interdisciplinary studies necessitates breaking down traditional departmental barriers to optimize resource allocation.

A “collaborative translation” model should be implemented in core historical translation projects, where teams comprising specialists in Jiangxi’s Resistance War serve as academic advisors or lead reviewers throughout the translation process. These experts should provide contextual materials and clarify historical ambiguities during pre-translation preparation, offer professional consultation on technical terminology, historical contexts, and cultural connotations during translation, and conduct rigorous post-translation verification of factual accuracy, contextual fidelity, and depth of spiritual transmission to prevent recurring errors like the notorious “Li Chiang-lin” mistranslation of General Li Tao. Additionally, scholars specializing in Jiangxi’s regional culture (e.g., Hakka culture, revolutionary heritage) should be systematically engaged to ensure precise interpretation and conversion of folk expressions, local concepts, and spiritual symbols. Establishing institutionalized interdisciplinary platforms—through regular seminars and workshops involving translators, historians, and cultural scholars—would further facilitate knowledge sharing and practical experience exchange, creating a continuously optimized collaborative framework. This multidisciplinary approach would significantly enhance translation quality, guaranteeing both the accuracy and cultural depth of Jiangxi’s wartime historical materials in international dissemination. Nevertheless, the collaborative mechanism may encounter challenges such as high interdisciplinary communication costs and difficulties in coordinating experts’ schedules, which necessitate establishing standardized collaboration protocols and flexible working arrangements. Furthermore, the discursive disparities across disciplines require mitigation through preliminary consensus-building and terminological standardization processes.

Two key resources should be established: 1) A Bilingual Glossary of Jiangxi’s Resistance War that systematically organizes and standardizes proper nouns—including toponyms (e.g., “Madang Fortress”), battle names (e.g., “Wanjialing Victory”), institutional titles, politico-military terms (e.g., “Soviet Zone,” “guerrilla stronghold”), and culture-specific concepts (e.g., “Red Soil Spirit”)—with standardized translations for key figures’ names, supplemented by detailed contextual explanations, historical annotations, and authoritative sources; 2) A Jiangxi War of Resistance Background Knowledge Repository compiling comprehensive bilingual materials on pivotal events, biographical profiles of major figures, socio-cultural landscapes, geographical data, and relevant scholarly research. These databases would serve as authoritative, one-stop reference tools, resolving current translation challenges such as terminological inconsistencies, conceptual ambiguities, and contextual gaps. By ensuring unified nomenclature, conceptual precision, and holistic contextualization, these resources would significantly enhance the overall quality and scholarly rigor of translations, advancing the international academic engagement with Jiangxi’s Resistance War. Inevitably, the construction of these resource databases may confront technical obstacles, including insufficient digitization of historical archives and institutional barriers to data sharing, necessitating the establishment of unified data standards and collaborative frameworks. Moreover, enhancing the academic authority and international recognition of the terminology database will require collaborative certification with international scholarly organizations.

4.2. Content Selection and Planning for Translation: Constructing a Multidimensional Narrative System

To transcend the current fragmented and one-dimensional approach, the translation of content pertaining to Jiangxi’s Resistance War demands systematic strategic planning that comprehensively captures its historical richness and spiritual essence. This necessitates a three-pronged approach.

Foundational documents—including milestone primary sources and authoritative records such as An Eternal Pain: Archival and Oral Histories of Japanese Atrocities in Jiangxi during the War of Resistance—should be allocated to high-caliber translation teams to ensure complete and academically rigorous renditions that capture multidimensional perspectives, from macro-historical frameworks to micro-level lived experiences ( Liu, 2023 ). This work is particularly vital for preserving victim testimonies and civilian trauma narratives that reveal the humanitarian dimensions of wartime violence. Concurrently, representative scholarly monographs by domestic and international experts on Jiangxi’s Resistance War—such as A Comprehensive Record of China’s War of Resistance: Jiangxi Volume and the regionally focused Compilation of Historical Materials on the War of Resistance in Southern Jiangxi—should be selectively translated to reflect the depth of existing research, particularly regarding guerrilla warfare characteristics, Soviet revolutionary continuities, and localized social transformations. Such tiered translation planning, systematically addressing both primary sources and secondary scholarship, will significantly enhance the academic credibility and historiographical completeness of Jiangxi’s wartime narrative in international discourse.

The military dimension requires meticulous translation of strategic deployments (e.g., the encirclement tactics in the Wanjialing Victory) and tactical innovations in guerrilla warfare, contextualizing their operational significance within broader campaign narratives while highlighting commanders’ decision-making processes. Socio-cultural translations must systematically document the war’s transformative impacts—from demographic displacements and community restructuring to economic adaptations like tungsten resource mobilization, and from educational migrations to cultural resistance through performing arts and literacy campaigns. Crucially, the spiritual dimension should be anchored in three interwoven conceptual pillars: “Collective Will” (exemplified by civilian support networks), “National Integrity” (manifested in resistance slogans like “Defend Jiangxi to the Death”), and the “Spirit of the Red Soil” (embodied in literary works such as Chen Yi’s Meiling Trilogy). These abstract values demand concrete manifestation through: 1) Operational documents showing coordinated resistance; 2) Personal accounts of sacrifice (e.g., intelligence couriers); 3) Material culture artifacts; and 4) Folk memory preservation. Such tripartite content architecture—meticulously correlating battlefield events with their societal consequences and ideological underpinnings—enables international audiences to apprehend both the factual totality and philosophical essence of Jiangxi’s wartime experience, transcending conventional military-history paradigms through integrated humanistic storytelling.

Foremost attention should be given to militarily and symbolically significant engagements—including the decisive Wanjialing Victory (the climactic battle of the Nanxun Campaign marking a major Chinese triumph ( Xu, 2016 )), the Shanggao Campaign (which thwarted Japanese attempts at the “Poyang Mopping-Up” ( Liu, 1995 )), and New Fourth Army operations in southern Jiangxi—while systematically contextualizing the province’s crucial role as a strategic rear area sustaining protracted warfare. Comprehensive translation of core historical figures must encompass Jiangxi-native or locally active commanders (e.g., Generals Xue Yue, Li Tao), civilian heroes, patriots, intellectuals, and international allies, balancing prominent leadership narratives with carefully curated individual accounts of ordinary soldiers and civilians to humanize the historical experience. Critically, translations must emphasize Jiangxi’s distinctive dual identity as both the vital nexus connecting southeastern battlefronts with southwestern supply lines ( Chen, 2002 )—documenting its contributions to troop replenishment, strategic mineral (especially tungsten) logistics, refugee relief, and cultural preservation—and as a region where Soviet revolutionary traditions profoundly shaped local resistance ideologies and organizational models. This focused approach to content selection, when combined with rigorous contextualization, will simultaneously underscore Jiangxi’s historical significance and enhance global audiences’ cognitive engagement and interpretive depth with this understudied dimension of China’s wartime experience.

4.3. Translation Strategies and Methods: Addressing Cultural-Transformation Challenges

The translation of Jiangxi’s Resistance War texts presents unique challenges due to their abundance of culture-loaded terms, unique linguistic phenomena, and complex historical contexts, necessitating a theoretically informed and methodologically refined approach, supplemented with AI-powered technological support.

Culture-loaded terms represent lexical items deeply embedded within specific cultural contexts, constituting direct or indirect linguistic manifestations of a nation’s distinctive cultural identity and collective consciousness ( Hu, 1999 ). Core ideological concepts such as “collective will,” “national integrity,” and “Red Soil Spirit” demand a “translation + contextualization” approach that avoids both rigid literalism and excessive domestication—for instance, rendering “national integrity” as “National Integrity (minzu qijie, exemplified by unwavering loyalty and moral courage in the face of enemy oppression)” with concise in-text explanations or footnotes detailing historical origins during initial occurrences. Political-military terminology like “Jiangxi Soviet Base Area” (Suqu) and “Red Guards” (Chiwidui or Local Communist Militia) should combine transliteration with precise definitional annotations upon first use, followed by simplified but internally consistent subsequent renderings. Toponyms such as “Madang Fortress” (Madang yaosai) benefit from phonetic transcription coupled with strategic contextualization (e.g., “a pivotal Yangtze River defensive stronghold during China’s War of Resistance”). Literary works like Chen Yi’s “Three Poems of Meiling” (Meiling sanzhang) require authorial and historical background annotations, while local folk songs and proverbs necessitate balanced preservation of rhythmic patterns and key imagery supplemented by cultural notes. For concepts entirely absent in target cultures, translators should employ analogical framing (e.g., comparing “Red Soil Spirit” to frontier resilience narratives), descriptive circumlocution, or strategically placed background supplements. This stratified approach—systematically differentiating treatment based on term type, conceptual density, and target-culture receptivity—ensures both precise historical transmission and maximal cultural retention while meeting scholarly standards for contextual rigor.

A “foreignization-prioritized, domestication-supplemented” approach proves most effective: proper nouns (personal/toponymic/institutional), core historical concepts (e.g., “Red Army,” “Jiangxi Soviet,” “Guerrilla Warfare in Jiangxi”), and culture-specific terminology should retain internationally established or rigorously verified translations or transliterations to safeguard narrative veracity and cultural distinctiveness—constituting an essential bulwark against historical nihilism and cultural homogenization. Simultaneously, judicious domestication techniques should address profoundly unfamiliar concepts: 1) Embedded explanations, footnotes or endnotes, glossaries, and prefatory contextualization to provide necessary cultural-historical frameworks; 2) Syntactic adjustments aligning with target-language (English) academic conventions and readability expectations to avoid unnatural “translationese”; 3) Strategic narrative framing that connects Jiangxi’s campaigns to globally recognized WWII contexts (e.g., situating local resistance within China’s theater and the broader anti-fascist war). This calibrated approach—preserving source-culture integrity through principled foreignization while employing targeted domestication to reduce cognitive barriers—simultaneously ensures historical fidelity and optimizes transnational reception, achieving what Venuti theorized as “ethnocentric reduction” and “ethnodeviant pressure” in productive tension.

Unique linguistic phenomena—particularly folk expressions and regional cultural concepts—require meticulously calibrated translation strategies that simultaneously prioritize historical accuracy, contextual clarity, and cultural essence transmission. When rendering folkloric elements (e.g., local proverbs embodying communal wisdom or ballads conveying emotional appeals), translators must transcend literal equivalence to capture core meanings, affective dimensions, and socio-cultural functions, supplementing these with contextual annotations explaining ethnographic backgrounds. For culturally specific constructs like the role of Hakka kinship systems in resistance mobilization, deep comprehension of cultural substrates necessitates explanatory translation paired with background exposition—identifying optimal solutions that preserve both historical significance and cultural valence. This stratified methodology, systematically differentiating treatment based on linguistic category and cultural density, ensures precise conversion of specialized expressions while maintaining transnational intelligibility and reception.

The integration of modern technological tools offers significant potential for large-scale historical document translation. Within a framework ensuring academic rigor, a collaborative model combining AI-assisted translation systems with professional translators can be developed: domain-specific neural machine translation engines trained on established terminology and knowledge databases can provide preliminary translations with automatic term matching, while a Machine Translation Post-Editing (MTPE) process enables human experts to focus on culturally-loaded concepts and historical contextualization. Intelligent proofreading systems can be implemented to automatically verify consistency in critical elements such as proper nouns and temporal references. Crucially, robust quality control mechanisms must be instituted, requiring dual verification by both historians and senior translators for all AI-generated content, with particular emphasis on maintaining human oversight for politically sensitive and culturally specific materials. This “technology-enhanced, expert-supervised” hybrid approach enhances translation efficiency while preserving academic precision, presenting a viable solution for systematic translation of voluminous historical materials from the Resistance War period.

5. International Dissemination Pathways and Effectiveness Enhancement Strategies for Jiangxi’s Resistance War

High-quality translations are foundational, yet the international dissemination of Jiangxi’s Resistance War can only achieve its objectives if these outputs effectively reach target audiences and generate meaningful engagement. Drawing upon cross-cultural communication theory, this section proposes systematic strategies to address challenges such as limited dissemination channels, low audience receptivity, cultural discount effects, and the absence of impact evaluation.

5.1. Diversified Channel Integration: Constructing an Omnichannel Dissemination Matrix

To move beyond reliance on traditional publishing alone, it is essential to integrate online and offline, conventional and emerging, as well as official and grassroots channels into a synergistic dissemination network.

This involves establishing long-term collaborations with leading international academic presses such as Cambridge University Press and Routledge to systematically produce four publication categories: 1) Meticulously translated versions of authoritative Chinese scholarly monographs; 2) Documentary collections like An Eternal Tragedy and Compiled Historical Materials on Southern Jiangxi’s Wartime Resistance; 3) Biographical series focusing on key figures’ lives and ideological worlds; 4) Edited volumes featuring international scholarship—all leveraging global distribution networks and institutional library systems to maximize visibility. Concurrently, researchers should be incentivized to publish original English-language articles in top-tier journals (The China Quarterly, Journal of Asian Studies, War & Society) that establish discursive authority within specialized academic communities. This dual-channel approach—combining high-volume press publications with targeted journal placements—creates mutually reinforcing mechanisms for building international recognition, ultimately positioning Jiangxi’s Resistance War within mainstream historiography through credentialed academic pathways rather than merely promotional ones.

The contemporary digital era is characterized by the unprecedented velocity of new media dissemination, enabling real-time information propagation through platforms possessing exceptional agenda-setting capacity to rapidly mobilize public attention and shape discursive formations, thereby exerting substantial influence on prevailing sociopolitical narratives ( Xu, 2025 ). A dedicated “Jiangxi’s Resistance War” digital repository should be established on specialized platforms like the English edition of the “Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Memorial Network” or “China Historical Database,” systematically providing translated archival excerpts, research articles, digitized primary sources (historical photographs, maps, document scans), and virtual exhibitions. Concurrently, platform-specific content strategies must be implemented across social media matrices (e.g., @JiangxiInWWII on Twitter or Facebook for news dissemination and scholarly discussions, YouTube for documentary features and academic lectures, Instagram for visual storytelling through historical imagery), developing animated battle analyses, micro-documentaries on key figures, and heritage site vlogs that emphasize narrative engagement, visual impact, and emotional resonance—all amplified through strategic hashtag campaigns (Remembering Jiangxi WWII). Complementary initiatives should include scholarly podcast series featuring international experts and the integration of Jiangxi’s archival materials into globally accessible databases like ProQuest History Vault. Strategic partnerships with international media outlets (CGTN, China Daily) can further amplify visibility through special features—including in-depth reports, expert interviews, and documentary promotions—that leverage their established global audiences. This integrated digital approach, combining institutional repository development with multiplatform public engagement, effectively bridges academic rigor with public history dissemination, substantially enhancing international awareness and understanding of Jiangxi’s wartime experience beyond specialized scholarly circles.

For international book fairs (e.g., Frankfurt, London, BookExpo America), curated programming should feature Jiangxi-focused translated works—particularly new publications from collaborative international presses—through launch events, thematic seminars, and author/translator sessions, all presented within visually distinctive exhibition spaces incorporating Jiangxi’s cultural motifs. Parallel efforts should target major WWII commemorative venues like the U.S. National WWII Museum and Moscow’s Museum of the Great Patriotic War, where dedicated “Jiangxi Chapters” could integrate artifact displays, documentary screenings, translator dialogues, and cultural performances of wartime ballads during key anniversaries (e.g., China’s Victory Day, global anti-fascist commemorations). Academic conference participation—particularly at the International Committee for the History of the Second World War symposia and AAS annual meetings—should prioritize high-quality paper submissions and specially organized panels to showcase recent research and translations while building sustainable international academic networks. This tripartite event strategy—simultaneously targeting trade publishing circuits, public memorial spaces, and scholarly convenings—creates mutually reinforcing visibility across professional and public spheres, substantially elevating Jiangxi’s Resistance War within global consciousness through credentialed, multisensory engagement platforms rather than passive dissemination.

5.2. Audience-Oriented Content Optimization: Bridging the Cultural Divide

Effective dissemination begins with a profound understanding of the target audience, necessitating precision segmentation, tailored content adaptation, optimized narrative strategies, and the identification of shared values to mitigate cultural discount effects and enhance reception.

Given the heterogeneity of global audiences, characterized by demographic breadth, cultural complexity, and content preference diversity ( Cheng, 2006 )—spanning academic researchers (historians, graduate students), general public (history enthusiasts, casual readers), educational practitioners (teachers, students), and overseas Chinese communities—content must be strategically differentiated across four dimensions. For academic audiences, prioritize translated archival collections, scholarly monographs, and journal articles that emphasize philological accuracy, contextual completeness, and rigorous annotation standards. Public audiences require accessible formats like biographical narratives, oral history compilations, and documentaries that foreground storytelling, visual engagement, and emotional resonance. Educational materials demand structured historical primers and classroom-ready resource kits that balance pedagogical clarity with engagement. Overseas Chinese communities respond most effectively to content highlighting native-place connections (e.g., Jiangxi-born heroes, local cultural markers) that reinforce diasporic identity, occasionally incorporating dialect elements. This audience-centric approach necessitates multiversion adaptations (scholarly, popular and educational editions) of core materials distributed through channel-specific pathways—academic databases for researchers, social media for public audiences, educational portals for teachers—ensuring maximum relevance and impact. Meanwhile, guided by the cognitive penetration theory, priority should be given to establishing academic credibility among specialized audiences such as international World War II historians and Sinologists, whose scholarly endorsement can subsequently facilitate knowledge dissemination to broader public audiences through their intermediary role. Such differentiated dissemination, grounded in empirical audience analysis rather than assumed universalism, significantly enhances both the accessibility and influence of Jiangxi’s Resistance War across varied international constituencies.

Microhistorical techniques should anchor grand narratives in individual lived experiences—prioritizing translated diaries of ordinary soldiers, civilian oral histories (e.g., the poignant testimonies in An Eternal Pain), and war correspondents’ accounts that reveal history through personal struggles and emotional trajectories. Visual storytelling requires systematic deployment of period photographs, animated battle maps, infographics, short documentaries, and 3D artifact visualizations, all accompanied by precise bilingual captions to transcend linguistic barriers and recreate historical immediacy. Quantitative dimensions (casualty figures, campaign scales) demand data-driven narratives using comparative charts and interactive visualizations to enhance cognitive clarity. Crucially, content must avoid monologic propaganda tones in favor of measured, evidentiary-based narration that acknowledges historical complexities (war atrocities, intra-resistance tensions) through multiperspectival sources, fostering fact-based dialogue that builds international trust. This narrative ecosystem—simultaneously personalizing, visualizing, quantifying, and contextualizing—effectively bridges Jiangxi’s wartime experience with global audiences’ expectations for authentic, engaging historical discourse while maintaining scholarly integrity.

Much like The Wandering Earth 2 achieved cross-cultural resonance by anchoring its narrative in the universal value of “protecting our shared home” ( Chen, 2023 ), Jiangxi’s wartime ethos—though rooted in China’s unique historical context—embodies fundamental human struggles against oppression, the defense of dignity, and collective resilience that transcend cultural boundaries. Strategic framing should foreground globally resonant themes: the courage to resist tyranny (exemplified by battles like Shanggao), the perseverance of communities under duress (seen in guerrilla supply networks), and humanitarian dimensions (documented in works like An Eternal Pain). Contextualizing Jiangxi’s campaigns within the broader Allied war effort—particularly its role in diverting Japanese forces and sustaining China’s protracted resistance—establishes historical significance through internationally recognized frameworks. Simultaneously, spotlighting everyday heroism (women medics, child messengers) and civilian suffering creates emotional entry points while avoiding ideological didacticism. This values-driven approach, synthesizing strategic historiography with humanistic storytelling, transforms regionally specific experiences into universally legible narratives of moral courage and shared humanity—effectively mitigating cultural discount while preserving historical authenticity.

5.3. Dissemination Impact Evaluation and Feedback Mechanisms: Enabling Closed-Loop Management

Scientific evaluation serves as the cornerstone for assessing dissemination effectiveness and refining strategic approaches, necessitating the institutionalization of a multidimensional assessment framework with integrated feedback mechanisms. The evaluation system incorporates three principal components.

Multidimensional metrics must be established to comprehensively evaluate dissemination efficacy across awareness, understanding, emotional resonance, and participatory engagement dimensions. Awareness-level assessment requires monitoring international media coverage volume/tone of Jiangxi’s Resistance War, search engine trends for key terms (e.g., “Jiangxi WWII”), publication sales and library circulation data, official website traffic, and social media follower growth—indicators collectively reflecting informational reach. Understanding-depth evaluation necessitates survey/interview measurements of audiences’ factual accuracy regarding pivotal events (e.g., Wanjialing Victory) and conceptual grasp of core notions like “Collective Will,” supplemented by critical analysis of book and film reviews for historiographical engagement. Emotional resonance and value recognition metrics should examine affective response intensity in audience studies, emotionally charged social media commentary, evolving academic appraisals of Jiangxi’s wartime role, and qualitative shifts in perceived historical significance. Engagement evaluation must quantify both volume (likes or shares) and discursive quality (comment depth) of digital interactions, alongside participation rates/feedback richness in offline events. This stratified assessment framework—systematically correlating exposure metrics with cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes—provides empirically grounded insights into how effectively Jiangxi’s wartime narrative transcends cultural and geographical boundaries across successive stages of audience reception.

A mixed-method assessment methodology should be implemented to holistically evaluate the international dissemination impact of Jiangxi’s Resistance War through triangulated data sources. Quantitative analysis requires systematic deployment of digital tracking tools—including Google Analytics, social media platform metrics (Facebook Insights, Twitter Analytics), database access statistics, and professional media monitoring services like Meltwater—to measure online engagement patterns, while incorporating traditional indicators such as publisher sales reports and library circulation records. Qualitative research must employ periodic audience surveys (stratified by academics, general public, and diaspora communities), focus group discussions for nuanced feedback, in-depth interviews with key opinion leaders, and systematic content analysis of media coverage, scholarly citations, and social media discourse. Complementing these approaches, regular convening of international expert panels—comprising renowned WWII historians, publishers, and communication scholars—should provide authoritative evaluations of translation quality, dissemination strategies, and overall scholarly/societal impact. This integrated assessment paradigm, combining empirical data analytics with interpretative human judgment across multiple stakeholder groups, generates robust, actionable insights for ongoing strategy refinement while meeting rigorous academic standards for impact evaluation in transnational historical communication.

A feedback-driven optimization system must be institutionalized to enable continuous strategic refinement through systematic measurement and responsive adaptation. This requires establishing dedicated analytics units—either within coordinating bodies or through specialized contractors—to consolidate multichannel evaluation data and produce quarterly or annual impact reports integrating metric analyses, qualitative findings, and expert assessments. Crucially, these insights must feed into closed-loop management cycles: identified issues (e.g., content comprehension barriers, channel efficiency disparities, audience coverage gaps) should directly inform translation strategy adjustments by linguists, narrative optimizations by content teams, and channel reallocations by dissemination units. The PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) methodology—a statistically grounded continuous improvement framework ( Li, 2006 )—should govern iterative refinements across core processes, including translation planning, content production, and audience targeting. Take the dissemination of the “Battle of Wanjialing” as a case study, when performance metrics indicated suboptimal engagement (sub-500 YouTube views within one week, 65% drop-off rate in initial 30 seconds, with recurring comments about “unclear geographical context”), the team implemented a three-tier response: content enhancement with 10-second animated maps of the Jiujiang-Nanchang strategic corridor, conversion of Twitter copy into timeline-infographics highlighting the 1938 historical context, and development of tactical simulation animations for military enthusiast communities. Post-intervention data revealed significant improvements—average viewing duration increased from 2 minutes 37 seconds to 4 minutes 12 seconds, accompanied by 300% growth in military forum shares—thereby validating the complete PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle of “data monitoring → problem diagnosis → multidimensional intervention → effectiveness verification.” This modeled scenario not only empirically demonstrates the value of evidence-based communication strategies but also provides a replicable response framework for optimizing similar historical content dissemination. By embedding this evidence-based dissemination paradigm, where all strategic decisions derive from empirical data and multidisciplinary evaluation, the system ensures both the precision of Jiangxi’s wartime narrative in international contexts and the sustainability of its communicative impact, adapting dynamically to evolving global reception environments while maintaining historiographical integrity.

6. Conclusion and Prospects

Jiangxi’s Resistance War represents an indispensable chapter in the Chinese nation’s epic struggle against foreign aggression, safeguarding territorial integrity while upholding national dignity, with its profound spiritual legacy—centered on collective will, national integrity, and ethnic resilience—transcending regional boundaries to form part of both China’s collective memory and the global anti-fascist war narrative. This study systematically examines the critical challenges in translating and disseminating Jiangxi’s Resistance War internationally, identifying three core issues: 1) The scarcity and fragmentation of existing translations, which are limited in quantity, unevenly distributed, and occasionally inaccurate; 2) Deficiencies in the translation process, including a shortage of specialized translators, inconsistent quality, and imbalanced content selection that hinder international dissemination efficacy; 3) Dissemination barriers characterized by fragmented channels, pronounced cultural discount effects, obscured ideological essence, limited global visibility, and lacking systematic evaluation mechanisms, all constraining the authentic and multidimensional global representation of this history. To address these challenges, the study proposes an integrated framework combining cultural translation theory with cross-cultural communication scholarship, featuring translation enhancement through professional capacity building, strategic content planning for multidimensional narratives, and theory-guided cultural conversion strategies, alongside dissemination improvement via channel diversification, audience-centric content adaptation, and robust evaluation mechanisms. While contributing significantly to regional historical narrative studies and offering practical solutions for elevating Jiangxi’s Resistance War in global discourse, the research acknowledges limitations in micro-level analysis of specific historical materials (e.g., oral histories, folk ballads), suggesting future studies should further explore this area, with greater scholarly efforts devoted to the translation and international dissemination of Jiangxi’s Resistance War—a field of profound significance.

Funding

This work was supported by Higher Education Society of Jiangxi Province “Collection, Translation, and Research of Jiangxi Folk Historical Materials on the War of Resistance in the New Media Era” (Key Project Grant No. ZX4-B-003, 2023); Jiangxi Social Science Fund Annual Project “Collection, Organization, and Cross-Lingual Translation of Jiangxi Folk Historical Materials on the War of Resistance in the New Media Era” (Grant No. 25YY10, 2025).

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