TITLE:
Causes of developmental delay in children of 5 to 72 months old at the child neurology unit of Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital (Cameroon)
AUTHORS:
Séraphin Nguefack, Karen Kengne Kamga, Boniface Moifo, Andréas Chiabi, Evelyn Mah, Elie Mbonda
KEYWORDS:
Developmental Delay; Risk Factors; Aetiologies; Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy; Children; Cameroon
JOURNAL NAME:
Open Journal of Pediatrics,
Vol.3 No.3,
September
5,
2013
ABSTRACT:
Background: According to the World Health Organization,
about 5% of children world-wide of 14-year-old and under have a moderate to
severe developmental disability, and up to 15% of children under 5-year-old are
developmentally delayed. Purpose: To determine the prevalence, socio-demographic profile, aetiologies,
and the clinical presentation of developmental
delay in children less than 6-year-old at the child neurology unit in a
university-affiliated hospital in Yaounde. Materials and methods: It was a
crosssectional descriptive study carried out in Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetric and
Paediatric Hospital (Cameroon) from August to December 2012. Children aged
between 5 - 72 months with a developmental quotient less than 70 were enrolled.
Developmental delay (DD) was diagnosed and classified using the Denver
developmental screening test (DDST). Data concerning the child (age, gender,
severity of DD), the mother (age, age at conception, educational level, marital
status), history of pregnancy and delivery, perinatal and postnatal events,
results of para-clinical explorations (EEG, CT-scan, genetic tests), the severity
of DD and the probable or demonstrate cause of DD were recorded on a
standardized questionnaire. The
chisquare test was used to compare variables. Results: During the study period, 2171 children aged 5 - 72 months
consulted the paediatric department of the hospital, 296 were examined at the
child neurology unit of which 153 had a developmental quotient less than 70,
giving a hospital prevalence of 7.0% and a prevalence of 51.7% at the
child neurology unit. The mean age was 26.6 ± 18.0 months and there were 56%
males. The main reason for consulting was tonus disorder (43.8%) and the
developmental area of parental concern was the motor domain (90.2%). Regarding
the clinical presentation, 75.2% of our population were children with cerebral
palsy. DD was severe, mild, moderate and profound respectively in 14.2%, 13.5%,
12.2%, and 11.1%. Gross DD represented 90.2%
of all DD children. The causes of DD were hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
(41.8%), epilepsy (13.7%), sequelae of meningitis (6.5%), sequelae of
kernicterus (6.5%), and infectious embryofoetopathies (5.2%). Conclusion:
Developmental delay is frequent in paediatric neurology, with perinatal disorders
being the leading aetiologies in Cameroon. Prevention of perinatal
hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy risk factors needs to be reinforced.