TITLE:
Vehicle to Grid Decentralized Dispatch Control Using Consensus Algorithm with Constraints
AUTHORS:
Alexandre Lucas, Sun Chang
KEYWORDS:
Vehicle-to-Grid; Smart-Grid; Consensus; Decentralized Control; Infrastructure
JOURNAL NAME:
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy,
Vol.4 No.6A,
September
3,
2013
ABSTRACT:
With the transition to
electric vehicle technologies, large scale support infrastructure is being
deployed. The vehicleto-grid (V2G)
concept is an opportunity to take advantage from both infrastructure and
electric vehicle drive. However, coordinating largenumber of agents in a reasonable speed and lack of homogenous distribution of the service
provided by vehicle users to the grid have been left unattended. We apply
consensus theory to the V2G
concept presenting a decentralized control solution to assure that all vehicles
within a region, regardless of their technology, positioning or state of
charge, can communicate with their neighbors and agree on how much energy each should individually exchange
with the grid. Applying constraints to the system, we considered a 25,000
vehicle fleet connected to agrid during peak hours. Simulating
power changes and vehicles entering and leaving the system, two groups of 5
vehicles were studied: the first group remained in the system during all peak
hours, while the second group only an hour. Results showed that the two groups of vehicles
despite connecting to the system at different times were able to reach
consensus in t = 15 s, and reported a maximum error of ε