B. G. Mujtaba and B. A. Kaifi, “Afghan and American professionals’ leadership orientation toward tasks and relationships: Are there tendencies toward convergence or divergence?” Fortune Journal of International Management, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 107–125, 2008.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Transformational Leadership of Afghans and Americans: A Study of Culture, Age and Gender

  AUTHORS: Belal A. Kaifi, Bahaudin G Mujtaba

  KEYWORDS: Afghans, Americans, Afghanistan, Gender, Age, Culture, Leadership, Ethics

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Service Science and Management, Vol.3 No.1, March 29, 2010

  ABSTRACT: Afghans and Americans have been exposed to different leadership styles which may have influenced their orientation on leading others. Age, gender, and/or culture are possible factors for such differences in leadership orientations. This research surveyed the responses of 502 Americans and 300 Afghans to better understand their orientation toward transformational leadership. The Afghan respondents had significantly higher scores for transformational leadership orientation. Female American respondents had a significantly higher transformational leadership orientation than their Afghan female colleagues. Younger Afghans had a significantly higher tendency toward a transformational leadership orientation than their American counterparts. Suggestions for managers and implications for future research are presented.