Nieuwenhuijsen, K., de Boer, A. G., Verbeek, J. H., Blonk, R. W., & van Dijk, F. J. (2003). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Detecting Anxiety Disorder and Depression in Employees Absent from Work Because of Mental Health Problems. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60, 77-82.
https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.suppl_1.i77

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Can the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales Short Be Shorter? Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of DASS-21 and DASS-9 in a Greek, Non-Clinical Sample

  AUTHORS: Theodoros A. Kyriazos, Anastassios Stalikas, Konstantina Prassa, Vasiliki Yotsidi

  KEYWORDS: DASS-21, DASS-9 Factor Structure, 3-Faced Construct Validation Method, ESEM, ICM-CFA, Bifactor EFA, Bifactor CFA, Measurement Invariance, Greece, Normative Data

  JOURNAL NAME: Psychology, Vol.9 No.5, May 30, 2018

  ABSTRACT: This study focused on the factor structure, invariance, reliability, and validity of two DASS versions: DASS-21 and DASS-9. Dimensionality was examined with Exploratory and Confirmatory factor analysis in 2271 Greek adults of the non-clinical population. Sample was split in three parts and the “3-faced construct validation method” was adopted. An EFA and a Bifactor EFA model were tested in the 20% subsample for both DASS-21 and DASS-9. Then, in the 40% subsample eleven CFA models were tested for DASS-21 and six for DASS-9 (using ICM-CFA, Bifactor CFA and ESEM). Optimal DASS-21 and DASS-9 models were successfully validated in the remaining 40% subsample (i.e. in a subsample of equal power). DASS-21 and DASS-9 showed strict measurement invariance across gender. Reliability (α and ω) and AVE convergent validity were adequate for both versions. Correlation analysis based on 10 different measures revealed a predominant uniform pattern of relations, similar for both versions. Considering all findings, the Greek versions of DASS-21 and DASS-9 are invariant, reliable and show construct and convergent validity.