Elaboration of a Cartographic Model of Zones Favorable to the Implantation of Water Points: Case of the Watershed of Ehania, South-East of Côte D’Ivoire

The supply of drinking water from aquifers of base remains problematic because of his complexity. The combination of several methods is more adapted for the mapping of water establishment favorable areas. This study is focused on water points establishment favorable areas mapping. The methods used are remote sensing, pump tests sheets for determining aquifers and saprolites thickness. To determine the recharge, GR2M Method and drainage density has been used. The digital elevation model (DEM) has been used to generate slopes and drainage density maps. The thematic maps obtained combined under GIS to produce water potentiality map. The results obtained have been with exploitation rates. Three classes of potentialities have been identified. These are classes of high potentialities in groundwater which cover approximately 20% of the study area. It occurs mainly in central areas where there are sedimentary formations usually captured by the drilling. These areas are generally located in the central part, mainly in areas where there is low slope, important with a thick layer of saprolites.


Introduction
Groundwater is the most important source of fresh water in the world and pro-Journal of Water Resource and Protection vides a lower risk to support the requests of critical water during dry periods cyclical and prolonged [1]. They play an important role in the satisfaction of requirements in water supply despite the flow rates relatively low as indicated in some work [2]. If in the continuous aquifers the accessibility of these resources is easy, it is not the case of the discontinuous aquifers (usually bilayer) of crystal formations and crystallophyllian. The exploitation of these aquifers is very difficult because of underground hydrogeological transfer complexity which depends in particular on the nature of the rocks, geological structure, the rainfall, the connectivity between the flaws [3]. In these areas, storage and recharge conditions are poorly assured because of this complexity. Its exploration and exploitation requires the use of several methods including Proton Magnetic Resonance (RMP) that is a geophysical method [4]. This method allowed to determine the thicknesses. Other isolated methods have also shown their importance for the assessment of groundwater potential. Some methods are the charging, the water level in the aquifer [5], and the fracturing [6]. As well, the potential for groundwater remains controlled by several parameters. However, the complexity of the Environment doubled the variability of these parameters involves taking into account each parameter whose importance varies with the area. These last years, the study of the cracked environment has very often been associated with the remote sensing which allowed identifying the bone fractures prior to confirm their real existence by Geophysic method. The shortcomings of these methods could explain the rate of failure that still remains high, often reaching 40% [7] in Benin. These methods although effective, may not provide important results if they are taken individually, especially in area of stand; this is the case of the Ehania catchment. All these méthods should then be to integrate in a cartographic model such as GIS and the Multicriteria Analysis (MCA). The water potential area modeling of potential in water has already been the subject of several studies from around the world [8] [9] [10]. However, these studies remain limited in not only the choice of parameters but also the importance of these parameters. The objective of this study is a set up cartographic model to delineate zones favorable to water point implantation.
However, the Ehania watershed, site of this study, is located in the base which covers about 97.5% of the Ivorian territory. In this area, the flow rates of the drilling obtained remain relatively low despite that the area is relatively well watered by of our many courses of water with a rainfall relatively abundant (2000 mm/year) [11].  appearance of a thin layer of sediment in the South through a few shreds of granites. Concerning the topography, the site is composed of high plateaus with altitudes ranging generally 100 to 400 m. The hydrographic network which is considered as an indicator of aquifers recharge is denser in the North than in the South.

Materials
The material used in this study is composed of:

Intrinsic Characteristics of the Aquifer
Slope: It represents one of the factors which control the infiltration. It is a Journal of Water Resource and Protection critical parameter that controls directly the runoff and therefore the infiltration [12]. In effect, with a low slope, runoff is slow and allows rainwater to seep into the sub-soil, while the areas heavily tilted facilitate the runoff [13]. The STRM images have been merged and have helped to define the boundaries of the study area which is the Ehania watershed. A watershed limit mask was superimposed on the SRTM images and the study area has been extracted. The treatment of the image thus extracted has helped to generate the Map of slopes from the software ArcGIS. It varies from 0 to the border of the lagoons to 30% in the east of the study area.
Thickness of the saprolite is regarded as the less important parameter in the mapping of areas favorable to groundwater availability [9]. However, some recent works have shown the importance of alterite thicknesses, especially at the level of crystalline rocks, which could constitute a aquifer level very interesting for drinking water supply [14]. According to [13], the availability of the groundwater is classified as low to moderate in the areas with a thin layer and is evolving in moderate to good in the areas with an altered layer thick. In the case of this study, the altered layer has been obtained from the data sheets of drilling and ranged from

Characteristics Related to the Presence of Water
Recharge: It has been calculated from the combination of infiltration determined from the model of Rural Engineering 2 Monthly time steps (GR2M) and drainage density. The charging importance of groundwater availability has already been shown through several studies ([8] [15]). The drainage density represents the precipitation amount which could seep into the basement. Therefore, the higher the drainage density is, the higher the recharging probability is [13]. The drainage density map has allowed producing 5 classes of 25 km 2 ranging from low to high. The coefficients range from 1/5 (lowest drainage density) to 5/5 (highest density) [9]). Affecting these coefficients to the infiltration which remained a single value of 397 mm, the recharge values would, therefore, advance from 77 to 397 mm.
Depth of the water represents the static levels and indicates the level of water in aquifers. They play an important role in the groundwater potential areas mapping [16]. This importance has yet been shown through the work of [17] which addressed the close link between the recharge and water levels in the aquifer. Indeed, the greater the charge is, the higher the water level increases. But this increase could either be delayed or directly, depends on the nature of alte-Journal of Water Resource and Protection rites. In the study area, the map of the static level was developed from data from the observed piezometric on the ground. This static level varies from 1.96 to 63.8 m.

Calculation of Weighting Coefficients
The weighting factor calculation is done from the method of [18] based on the comparison in pairs developed by El Morjani (2003) and adapted by [19] ( Table   1).
The values from this comparison have subsequently been integrated as follows [9].  Table 2) and those of the water resources factor (Table 3).

Potential Areas Mapping Elaboration
The development of the potential area maps has been done from the GIS and the Multicriteria analysis (MCA) by the combination of the different factors that are the intrinsic characteristics (Ci) of the aquifer and water resources (Re) ( Table   4). These factors will also be the subject of a weighting taking account of their contribution in water availability.
Wc and Wr are respectively weighting coefficient of intrinsic factors characteristics and water resources.
From the values of these coefficients, the Equation (2) becomes: The results obtained have been validated by yield of borehole superior than 5 m 3 /h which indicates the presence of fracture.

Results
The use of the methods of GIS and MCA has helped to develop a set of layers which were regarded as criteria. Thus, the factor intrinsic characteristics of the aquifer (slope criteria, thickness of alterites, fracture density) and the Water Resource Factor (Charging criteria and depth of the aquifer) were produced; the combination has resulted in the water potential map.

Aquifers Intrinsic Characteristics Factor
The intrinsic characteristics make reference to the conditions of the existence or availability of water resources. The analysis of the results obtained by this criterion ( Figure 2) highlights three classes ranging from classes of low to classes of high water availability. They cover respectively 10%, 60% and 30% of the study area. Among these classes, that terms of lives medium remain the class the most important and it is found on the whole extent of the study area. As regards the class of high availability which covers only 25% of this zone, it occurs in the central areas with smalls zones in the southern and northern parts of the study area. The presence of this area could be attributed to the low gradient slopes to a high density of fracking. These two criteria may be associated to the thicknesses of alterite or saprolites whose importance could justify the existence of a good level aquifer. The quality of these results could be justified by the fact that Journal of Water Resource and Protection more than 60% of the drilling whose yield are greater than 5 m 3 /h are met in these zones of high availability. The 40% existing found in the areas of existence average condition.

1) Factor of waters resources
The factor water resource highlights the presence of water in the aquifer. Its importance is a reflection of the richness of these sub-soils in groundwater. The results analysis achieved ( Figure 3) shows that it remains dominated by the class known as average which cover almost 60% of the study area with a presence much more strengthened in the southern part. This presence decreases more and more toward the north high and low classes cover practically the same areas (16% and 24%), they are met respectively in the center and north parts with a pocket for the high class in the North and reduced coverage in the center for the low class. The class known as good is typically observed in the sectors where the refills are often strong, accompanied by shallow groundwater. The superposition of the high yield of exploitation to this map shows that only 40% overlap to the high class and low against 20% in the class known as average.

2) Potentiality of groundwater
The mapping of potentialities in groundwater developed from the GIS and the MCA (Figure 4) has allowed obtaining important results from the crossing of the intrinsic characteristics and water resource factors. The analysis of these results reveals a domination of the class average (60%) which covers on a regular basis throughout the study area with the exception of the center where this presence is less observed. With regard to the high class or good potentiality (20%) in groundwater that is the most sought, it is found strewn on the whole of the study area with however a more presence in the center. In these areas where

Discussion
The mapping of potential sites in underground water is a better approach to reduce the many observed rates of failure during the drilling of boreholes. It allows targeting specific areas of investigation, and minimizing failures, and improvement of productivity on future tasks. The analysis of the results showed that the study area is still dominated by areas of medium potential that could be justified by an alternation of low to medium livelihood zones associated with areas of good water resources. Regards to the areas of good potential in groundwater that are the most sought after, their presence is noticed in the areas where usually the conditions of existence in water are good. In these areas, we note the presence of a strong reloads associated with slopes generally weak, to a significant fracturing and layers of saprolites. The importance of these criteria in the availability of water resources has already been reported through several works especially with regards to the slope [13]. For saprolites, studies of [9] have shown that they could reach a good level aquifer with porosity relatively high, up to 5% to 30%, particularly within the coarse granites. The importance of saprolite in groundwater availability has been also shown by [7] in Benin. Thus, where they are saturated with water, the saprolites ensure the capacitive function of the aquifer composite. The water potential of these layers falls significantly for formations at low quartz content as the shale. This horizon is mostly clay and very low permeability [20]. The importance of the nature of the geological formation in the existence of classes of good potential was also shown by the works [21]. The combined use of these three criteria for the modeling of groundwater availability has already been successfully adopted by [22] in the high valley of the Ouémé watershed in Benin. The role of the recharge in the power supply of the water is no longer demonstrated because it is the more important source of Groundwater supply especially in semi-arid regions [8]. Concerning the contribution of this recharge in the variation in water levels in the aquifer, the work of [17] has stressed the relationship that exists between these two criteria. This relationship could however strongly vary the saprolites nature according to their clay content it would contribute to delay the journey of seepage water toward the water. The link between the recharge and these levels of water was also demonstrated by the work of [23] which has further fallen the importance of these static levels in the aquifer. In effect, according to their results, water levels in an aquifer represent an important parameter in the hydrology of groundwater because they allow a careful analysis and detailed of its spatio-temporal variation and reveal useful information about the system aquifer. These studies have indicated that the recharge was still one of the parameters which influence this parameter in addition to the evapotranspiration, surface waters and oceans. Concerning the coincidence between the strong flows and areas of good potential, it could be explained by the strong variation of geological formations in the area. Indeed, in the area of geological mapping performed the shown the existence of an alternation of granitoids of different sizes and schistose formations [24].

Conclusion
At the end of this study on the modeling of groundwater potential from GIS and CMA several important results have been obtained. These results show that both of these methods make an important contribution to groundwater prospecting by the quality of the parameters or criteria that have been used. They made it possible to map on the Ehania watershed the various potential classes that remain dominated by the middle classes that are found throughout most of this area. In terms of the good potential class that is the most sought after area for groundwater prospecting, they cover only 25% of the study area. These zones are generally located in the central part, mainly in areas where the low slopes are associated with a large recharge with a thick layer of saprolite. This study has finally highlighted the parameters that play an important role in the availability of groundwater resources. This is the slope, the fracturing and the drainage network. To these intrinsic characteristics, it is necessary to associate the criteria which inform on the water resources which are the recharge and the static levels.