Democracies and International Relations

This paper proposes the five different democracies and their international relations. Democracy literally means that power (kratos) belongs to the common people (demos) instead of dictators and inherited kings-aristocrats. Different types of powers and different types of the common people constitute different types of democracies. Within a democratic nation, the intergroup relation among different social groups can be competitive or cooperative. The most conventional democracy is liberal democracy where power, intergroup relation, and people are liberty, competition, and all people, respectively. The power of the liberty to compete belongs to all people. All people have liberty to compete. Democracies in general are the combinations of different powers (elitism, tradition, liberty, equality, and wellbeing), different intergroup relations (competition and cooperation), and different people (few, most, and all). Therefore, depending on powers, intergroup relations, and people, the five democracies are elite democracy (elitism, competition, few people), nationalist democracy (tradition, competition, most people), liberal democracy (liberty, competition, all people), socialist democracy (equality, competition, all people), and relationalist democracy (wellbeing, cooperation, all people). Different people in different times, cultures, and political situations have different democracies. Each democracy has advantages and deficiencies. The democracies today are mostly mixed democracies to minimize deficiencies. The optimal mixed democracies have competition, cooperation, tradition, liberty, equality, and wellbeing. International relations as international intergroup relations reflect democracies as domestic intergroup politics. Liberal, socialist, and relationalist democracies are for all people, so they can generate cooperative international orders (liberal, socialist, and relationalist)


Introduction
This paper proposes the five different democracies and their international relations. Derived from the ancient Greek "demokratia", democracy literally means that power (kratos) belongs to the common people (demos). In democracy, power belongs to the common people instead of dictators, inherited kings-queens, and inherited aristocrats. Different types of powers and different types of the common people constitute different types of democracies. A nation consists of many religious groups, ethnic groups, classes, and geographic groups etc. Within a democratic nation, the intergroup relation among different social groups can be competitive or cooperative [1]. The most conventional democracy is liberal democracy where power, intergroup relation, and people are liberty, competition, and all people, respectively. In liberal democracy, the power of the liberty to compete belongs to all people. All people have liberty to compete. Democracies in general are the combinations of different powers (elitism, tradition, liberty, equality, and wellbeing), different intergroup relations (competitive and cooperative), and different people (few, most, and all). Therefore, depending on powers, intergroup relations, and people, the five democracies are elite democracy (elitism, competition, few people), nationalist democracy (tradition, competition, most people), liberal democracy (liberty, competition, all people), socialist democracy (equality, competition, all people), and relationalist democracy (wellbeing, cooperation, all people). Different people in different times, cultures, and political situations have different democracies. Liberal democracy is just one of these democracies.
In terms of culture, the competitive democracies originated from the West include elite democracy, nationalist democracy, liberal democracy, and socialist democracy, and competitive intergroup relation dominates cooperative intergroup relation in terms of partisan competition. In competitive democracies, real and imaginary political opposition groups always exist against the ruling government as described by Joseph Schumpeter [2]. The cooperative democracy includes relationalist democracy originated from the East, and cooperative in- International relations as international intergroup relations reflect democracies as domestic intergroup politics. Liberal, socialist, and relationalist democracies are for all people, so they can generate cooperative international orders (liberal, socialist, and relationalist) for all nations within their respective democracies [3]. For example, liberal democracy can generate cooperative liberal international order for all liberal democratic nations. Elite democracy and nationalist democracy are not for all people, and are against foreigners, so they can only generate competitive international relation as competitive realism [4]. Peace and prosperity in the world can be maintained by proper international relations. The five democracies are described in Table 1.
Section 2 describes democracies in terms of the maximum participation rates of people in government, intergroup relations, the powers of democracies, the rules and accountabilities of democracies, and democratic systems. Section 3 deals with international relations in terms of realisms, liberal international order, socialist international order, relationalist international order, and mixed international order.

Democracies
Democracy literally means that power (kratos) belongs to the common people (demos). In this paper, democracies are derived from the three components consisting of the maximum participation rates (few, most, and all) of people in government, the intergroup relations (competitive and cooperative intergroup relations), and powers (elitism, tradition, liberty, equality, and wellbeing). Derived from the three components, the five democracies are elite democracy, nationalist democracy, liberal democracy, socialist democracy, and relationalist democracy.

The Maximum Participation Rates of People in Government
In terms of the maximum participation rate of people in government, elite democracy such as in ancient Athens and early America is for few elite people who had adequate education and living standard to participate in government. The discrimination against women, poor people, and minorities were acceptable. Nationalist democracy is for most people who are in majority and believe in tradi- hunter-gatherer society that was free to move away from local natural disaster. The constant population pressure and the periodic natural and man-made disasters caused the deficient resource and security. The hunter-gatherers were averaged 6 inches taller than agricultural peoples until industrialization. Today, we are now as tall as we once were. The life expectancy in the agricultural-nomadic society was actually shorter than in the hunter-gatherer society.
The rigid agricultural social-economic structure under chronic natural and man-made disasters could not provide adequate education and living standard to most people, so most people were poor in education and living standard. Without adequate education and living standard in the highly hierarchical agricultural society, most women, working people, and minorities were dominated by few educated and wealthy elite people, and were powerless and marginalized in the political participation. As a result, in elite democracy under the agricultural society as in ancient Athens and the early United States of America, the political power belongs to few elite people who had adequate education and living standard to meaningfully participate in the politics forming viable government. Even though some idealistic thinkers wanted to have all people participating equally in government, the realistic democracy was still elite democracy whose maximum participation rate of people in government was low. In elite democracy, the discrimination against women, poor working people, and minorities who did not have political power was acceptable.
After the Industrial Revolution, the productive and efficient industrial social-economic structure under chronic natural and man-made disasters still can provide adequate education and living standard to most people, so most people are adequate in education and living standard. With adequate education and living standard in the industrial society, women, working people, and minorities are powerful and valued in politics. The democracies become bottom-up democracies for most or all people with the high maximum participation rate of people in government. Women in America started to vote in 1919 many years after the Industrial Revolution in America.
Nationalist democracy is for most people who are in majority and live in accordance to tradition. The discrimination against non-traditional people and minorities are acceptable. Liberal democracy is for the liberty of all people without discrimination. Socialist democracy is for the equality of all people without

Intergroup Relations
A nation consists of many religious groups, ethnic groups, classes, and geographic groups etc. Intergroup relations among different groups are based on ingroup and outgroup. In ingroup, individuals have similar interests and outlooks, and produce the feeling of connection among them [5]. Individuals in outgroup outside the boundary of one's own group are different in interests and outlook, and produce the feeling of zero-sum competition toward outgroup. The proper behavior as morality toward ingroup is cooperation, whereas the proper behavior toward outgroup is zero-sum competition [6]. Such ingroup-outgroup boundary instinct appears even in infants at few months old [7]. Intergroup re-  According to psychologists Igor Grossmann and Ethan Kross, Russians located in between the East and the West focus in relationship [11]. Russians tend to be more communal, more focused on interpersonal harmony, and this allows them to see their own personal needs in larger context, from an outsider perspective. Americans, by contrast, tend to focus on the personal. With less of a community perspective, they immerse themselves in the emotional details of negative events, and this self-focus leads to distress and depression. Americans behave as the Westerners, while Russians behave as the Easterners.
Since the West culturally favors competitive intergroup relation, the West has competitive democracy. In the Joseph Schumpeter's competitive model of democracy [2], democracy in the West is a competitive democracy to settle who will govern through a competitive struggle for the people's vote. On this view, democracy does not aspire to represent the will of the people, but just to use political competition to settle the question of who is in charge. The political competition requires partisanship through which large numbers can best be mobilized to participate in politics. As a result, Schumpeterian democracy depends on alternation between two strong parties in government. The party that wins the election exercises a temporary power monopoly, but the loyal opposition as a government-in-waiting whose leaders hope to take power at the next election to continually challenge its policies [12]. The competitive democracies in the West include elite democracy, nationalist democracy, liberal democracy, and socialist democracy. In competitive democracies, real and imaginary political opposition groups always exist against the ruling government.

The Powers of Democracies
The powers of democracies belong to people, and are implemented by state. The powers include elitism, tradition, liberty, equality, and wellbeing which are implemented by the states of elite democracy, nationalist democracy, liberal democracy, socialist democracy, and relationalist democracy, respectively. According to Francis Fukuyama [13] [14], political order of liberal democracy consists of three components: the state, the rule of law, and the accountability of election. A successful liberal democracy combines the three components in perfect balance. State as central authority to implement the power of democracy is strong, but it is bound by a transparent system of rule of law and accountability of election to the will of the people. Different democracies have different states, rules, and accountabilities.
Democracies include competitive democracies and cooperative democracy.
The basic assumption of competitive democracy is that human nature is instinctively selfish and competitive. The formation of a viable democratic government requires the thinking brain to transform instinctive and disorderly competition into deliberate and orderly competition [15]. As a result, viable democracies must be rationally rule-based and empirically accountability-based. For competitive democracies, the rational rule is the rule of law for all people or the rule by law for selected people, and the empirical (verified) accountability is the accountability of election for all people or the accountability by election for selected people. Therefore, each democracy has power implemented by the state, the rule, and the accountability.
The basic assumption of cooperative democracy is that human nature is instinctively relational and cooperative. All individuals are related to one another in the community of common destiny that produces wellbeing as the state of being comfortable, healthy, secure, and happy. The power of wellbeing from cooperation belongs to all people. The formation of a viable democratic government requires the thinking brain to transform instinctive and disorderly cooperation into deliberate and orderly cooperation. As a result, viable democracy must be rationally rule-based and empirically accountability-based. For cooperative democracy, the rational rule is the rule of relation that dominates the rule of law, and the empirical (verified) accountability is the accountability of professional qualification that dominates the accountability of election. Cooperative democracy is relationalist democracy. The power, rule, and accountability in relationalist democracy as in China, Russia, and Singapore are wellbeing, the rule of relation, and the accountability of professional qualification.

Democratic Systems
Democratic systems include elite democracy, nationalist democracy, liberal democracy, socialist democracy, relationalist democracy, and mixed democracy.

Elite Democracy
Elite democracy is a competitive democracy based on elitism, the rule by law, and the accountability by election for few people. In elite democracy, the power of elitism to compete in government belongs to few people. Few elite people can compete in government belongs to few people. The earliest democracy is elite democracy for few elite people who were adequate in education and living standard. In 508 BC, Athenians established the first democracy as elite democracy which involved 10% -20% of the polis population with about 3000 active participants who had the ability to vote competitively. Of this group, perhaps about 100 wealthiest and most influential elite people dominated the political arena.
The discrimination against women, poor working people, and minorities who did not have political power was acceptable.
Elite democracy is based on elitism, the rule by law, and the accountability by election. In Athens, Aristotle recognized that the rule by law required the separation of powers, including legislative branch to make the rule by law, the execu- As competitive democracy, the three branches, the legislative branch (the Senate and the House) to make the laws, the executive branch to enforce the laws, and the judicial branch to interpret the laws, compete against one another. Nationalist economy is the state-controlled economy to promote nationalism.

Nationalist Democracy
The rapid changes in globalization and automation produce the problems of gross income inequality, serious job insecurity, and large scale immigration. The countries that cannot deal with such problems shift toward nationalist politics with nationalist economy which blames non-traditional groups and foreign countries for such problems. To prevent the competition from foreign countries, nationalist economy establishes protectionism that imposes tariffs, and restricts the movements of labor, goods, technology, and capital. With the restriction of competition, the economy under protectionism is inefficient. Nationalist economy also develops "military state capitalism" as military-industry complex [16] which is the joint venture between the state and the private owned enterprises where the state provides domestic and international markets by creating international tension and the private owned enterprises provide weapons to make profit. Military spending is not the best way to create jobs. A University of Massachusetts at Amherst study [17] found that $1 billion in military spending created 8555 jobs. The same amount spent on public transit created 19,795 construction jobs. Spending on public works is the most cost-effective unemployment solution. Both protectionism and military state capitalism are wasteful.

Socialist Democracy
Socialist democracy is a competitive democracy based on the combination of socialism and democracy [19].

Relationalist Democracy
The power, rule, and accountability in relationalist democracy as in China, Russia, and Singapore are wellbeing, the rule of relation, and the accountability of professional qualification. In China, cooperative intergroup relation was expressed by Confucius (551-479BC) as harmony. "In practicing the rules of propriety, it is harmony that is prized." (Analects 1:12) Harmony is prized among the differences. Confucius said: "Noble persons seek harmony but not sameness.
Petty persons seek sameness but not harmony." (Analects 13:23). Outwardly, harmony is maintained by the rule of relation as li to have appropriate manners that maintain the relations among different individuals, such as parent-child, siblings, spouses, and friends. In Confucian morality for kin group, parent-child relation involves care and teaching from parent and filial piety from child. Husband-wife and elder-younger siblings show respect, responsibility, and loyalty for each other. The Confucian morality for friends involves ren (benevolence), yi (uprightness), xin (faithfulness), shu (reciprocity), and li (propriety). To Legalism in China at the same period as Confucius, people were mostly competitors fighting against one another. The rational way to control such competition is fa (law). Li in Confucianism is equivalent to fa (law) in Legalism. China adopted both li and fa, but li dominated fa. The rule by law had to be adjusted by the rule by relation. There was no competitive election system in China, because such partisan competition was considered as immoral in the cooperative society. As a result, there was no accountability by competitive election. The accountability of government was through professional qualification of government officials by the national examination system and the national promotion system. All princes had to be educated and trained to be professional rulers. Such Chinese professional qualification has been duplicated in competitive democracies as the bureaucrat-selection mechanism for civil service.
In 1978, Deng Xiaoping [20] started relationalist democracy by establishing the goal of moderately well-off society through reform and opening which involved cooperative rule of relation and accountability of professional qualification. (In terms of professional qualification, Deng Xiaoping famously said that it doesn't matter if a cat is black or white so long as it catches mice.) In relationalist democracy, all people cooperate to achieve wellbeing. Since 1978, mainland China has eradicated poverty at the rate of poverty reduction and at the number of poor people reduction unmatched anywhere and anytime in the world. Mainland China continues actively to industrialize and to eradicate poverty especially in the poor and remote rural areas as an important national goal.
Relationalist democracy is the most practical democracy which uses the best mixtures of methods to improve the wellbeing of people. As a result, it uses the mixture private owned enterprise (POE) and state owned enterprise (SOE). Much more people work for POE than SOE in China. It uses the mixture of election and professional qualification as described by Daniel A. Bell [21]. Relationalist democracy also uses experiments frequently to test new policies before the national implementations of new policies. Mixed democracy leads to mixed economy which blends planned economy with free market, and mixes state owned enterprise (SOE) with private owned enterprise (POE) [22]. In general, without enough capital and expertise in the private sector, developing countries use planned economy and SOE to start economy. With enough capital and expertise in the private sector, developed countries use free market and POE which are much more efficient than planned economy and SOE [23]. As a result, it is natural for a developing country to increase the portions of efficient free market and efficient POE as the economy becomes mature. However, nationalist economy reverses free market to planned economy as nationalist economy wants to develop national champions and protectionism to avoid the competitions from foreign firms. Therefore, nationalist economy is inefficient.

International Relations
International for all nations within their respective democracies [3]. For example, liberal democracy can generate cooperative liberal international order for all liberal democratic nations. Elite democracy and nationalist democracy are not for all people, and are against foreigners, so they can only generate competitive international relation as competitive realism [4]. As a result, nationalism democracy results in realisms, while liberalism, socialism, and relationalism result in idealisms consisting of liberal international order, socialist international order, and relationalist international order.

Realisms
Realism as a school of thought in international relations theory believes that in- The global hegemonic conflicts lead to many disastrous proxy wars outside of hegemons. The global hegemonic conflicts can be avoided by the regional community defense realism through balance of regional powers. The establishment of the religious-geographic borders ended the religious war in the Thirty Years' War among Protestant and Catholic states. In the same way, the establishment of the cultural-geographic borders will end global hegemonic conflicts. As a result, the establishment of the rational territorial national-regional protective borders consisting of nations with geopolitical borders and the regional communities with cultural-geographic borders can avoid global conflicts. The regional communities exist in the "World Regional Community Organization" (the WRCO) where every country in the world belongs to a regional community [1]. The countries in one geographic region can find common identities to establish one regional community. The common identities of a regional community include some or all of the shared geography region, shared existing regional international organization, shared dominant cultural-religion, shard dominant language, shared dominant sociality, and shared dominant worldview. Each regional community has at least one economically strong country for its protection and strength. The 12 communities in the World Regional Community Organization (WRCO) are as follows and in Table 4.  With the territorial regional protective border, each regional community enforces the "Monroe Doctrine" that forbids military intrusion from the countries outside of a regional community except the intervention approved by the United Nations. As a result, all overseas military bases as the military intrusion from the countries outside of a regional community have to be abolished. All defense treaties connected to the countries outside of a regional community also have to be ended. The regional communities which are for military defense allow individual nations to maintain all international economic treaties inside and outside of the communities. Different regional communities will have different degrees of economic cooperation within the communities.

Liberal International Order
After tional trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. Liberal international economic order has contributed the global economic growth.
During the Cold War, liberal international order led by the USA was useful to counter socialist international order led by the USSR for balance of power, so the West strongly adhered to liberal international order. Liberal international order won the Cold War, and lost its usefulness. Without threat from socialist international order, liberal international order is threatened by developments within the West itself [24]. Liberal international order has created economic inequality in the West. In the countries that have serious economic inequality and large-scale immigration, liberal democracy itself appears fragile and polarized, vulnerable to far right populism as nationalism. The centrist and progressive coalitions that support liberal international order have weakened. The highly interdependent global economy cannot function well with nationalistic protectionism.

Socialist International Order
One of the major international organizations for socialist democracy is the Socialist International whose origins go back to the early international organiza-

Relationalist International Order
Liberal international order espousals global liberty, socialist international order promotes global equality, and relationalist international order supports global wellbeing. The basic assumption of relationalist international order is that no nation stands alone, and all nations are related to one another in the community of common destiny that produces wellbeing as the state of being comfortable, healthy, secure, and happy. The Western international orders in their Western perception view each nation separately to compete for liberty and equality without relations in the community of common destiny. As a result, from the Eastern perception, relationalist international order complements liberal international order and socialist international order. One way to implement relationalist international order is through infrastructural international order to connect various countries and regions such as the Road Belt Initiative (BRI) proposed by Xi Jinping in September and October 2013 during visits to Kazakhstan and Indonesia [27]. It involves infrastructure development and investments in 152 countries and international organizations in Asia, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the Americas. The origin of the BRI is The Silk Road started by China's Han Dynasty (206 BC -220 AD), which forged trade networks throughout what are today the Central Asian countries, Indi, Pakistan, and Europe. Use of the route peaked during the first millennium, under the leadership of first the Roman and then Byzantine Empires, and the Tang Dynasty (618 -907AD) in China. The BRI involves the overland Silk Road Economic Belt and the Maritime Silk Road. The BRI also plans to build fifty special economic zones to launch economic developments quickly. The BRI helps the economic developments in developing countries. With adequate wellbeing in all nations, the large scale migration of people from poor nations to rich nations can be minimized. Morgan Stanley has predicted China's overall expenses over the life of the BRI could reach $1.2 -1.3 trillion by 2027. In comparison, America has spent $5.9 trillion on wars in the Middle East and Asia since 2001.

Mixed International Relation
The world peace and prosperity can be maintained by the mixed international relation consisting of the regional community defense realism, liberal economic international order, socialist economic-environmental international order, relationalist infrastructural international order, and the United Nations as the platform of all nations. The regional community defense realism minimizes global hegemonic conflicts and proxy wars. Liberal economic international order enhances global economic growth. Socialist economic-environmental international order protects human welfare and environment for the present and future humans. Relationalist infrastructural international order produces the community of common destiny, enhances international trade, and minimizes the large scale migration of people from poor nations to rich nations. The United Nations is the platform for all nations to resolve international problems. France, the USA, Germany, and China are the strong proponents of the regional community de-

Summary
This paper proposes the five different democracies and their international relations. Democracy literally means that power belongs to the common people instead of dictators and inherited kings-queens, and inherited aristocrats. Different types of powers and different types of the common people constitute different types of democracies. Within a democratic nation, the intergroup relation among different social groups can be competitive or cooperative. Power is implemented by the state which is regulated by the rule and the accountability. As a result, this paper proposes that democracies are derived from the maximum participation rates (few, most, and all) of people in government, intergroup relations (competitive and cooperative) within a country, the powers (elitism, tradition, liberty, equality, and wellbeing), the rules (the rule by/of law and the rule of relation), and the accountabilities (the accountability by/of election and the accountability of professional qualification). The five democracies are elite democracy, nationalist democracy, liberal democracy, socialist democracy, and relationalist democracy. 1) Elite democracy for few elite people is based on competition, elitism, the rule by law, and the accountability by election. The power of elitism to compete in government belongs to few people. Few elite people can compete in government. 2) Nationalist democracy for most people is based on competition, tradition, the rule by law, and the accountability by election. The power of tradition to compete in government belongs to majority people. People in traditional majority can compete in government. 3) Liberal democracy for all people is based on competition, liberty, the rule of law, and the accountability of election. The power of the liberty to compete belongs to all people. All people have liberty to compete. 4) Socialist democracy for all people is based on competition, equality, the rule of law, and the accountability of election. The power of equal opportunity to compete belongs to all people. All people have equal opportunity to compete. 5) Relationalist democracy for all people is based on cooperation, wellbeing, the rule of relation, and the accountability of professional qualification. The power of wellbeing from cooperation belongs to all people. All people cooperate to achieve wellbeing.
Different people in different times, cultures, and political situations have different democracies. The competitive democracies originated from the West have competitive intergroup relation, and include elite, nationalist, liberal, and socialist democracies. The cooperative democracy originated from the East has cooperative intergroup relation, and includes relationalist democracy. Each democracy has advantages and deficiencies. The democracies today are mostly mixed democracies to minimize deficiencies. The optimal mixed democracies have competition, cooperation, tradition, liberty, equality, and wellbeing.   Table 5.
Peace and prosperity in the world can be maintained by the regional community defense realism against global hegemonic conflicts and proxy wars, liberal economic international order to promote economic growth, socialist economic-environmental international order to protect human welfare and environment, and relationalist infrastructural international order to produce the community of common destiny, to enhance international trade, and to minimize the large scale migration of people from poor nations to rich nations.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.