Isolation and Identification of Indigenous Yeasts from “ Rabilé ”, a Starter Culture Used for Production of Traditional Beer “ dolo ”, a Condiment in Burkina Faso

Rabilé is a ferment of dolo, a traditional sorghum beer of Burkina Faso and it is harvested at the end of dolo fermentation process. It is a significant source of proteins and it is used like a condiment and food seasoning by some communities. The present study characterized and identified the yeasts isolated from Rabilé. A total of 70 samples were collected from 7 localities of Burkina Faso with dolo sellers according to the ethnic groups. The aerobic mesophilic flora count from Rabilé varied from 8.34 ± 0.72 to 10.07 ± 0.51 log 10 CFU∙g −1 and yeast varied from 7.24 to 8.28 log 10 UFC∙g −1 . Based on morphological, cultural, sexual and biochemical (carbon and nitrogen assimilation) profiles, 50 yeast strains were identified and found to belong to 4 genera and 7 species. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found as most predominant yeasts species of yeast in of Rabilé with 64 %, Rhodotorula muciloginosa, (8%), Candida pseudorhangii (6%), Candida heliconiae (12%), Candida utilis (4%), Shizosaccharomyces pombe (4%) and Sporobolomyces odoratus (2%). This activity has been carried out in the Laboratory of Biotechnology for Food and Nutritional Sciences, University Ouaga I Pr Josph KY-ZERBO, Burkina Faso, and it was done from June to October 2018.


Introduction
Dolo is a popular traditional beer of Burkina Faso. It is prepared from Sorghum bicolor and in certain localities, some others cereals such as millet and maize can be used as adjunct or substitutes [1] [2]. Traditional Sorghum bicolor beer is also the most popular alcoholic beverage in West Africa. They are known as pito in Ghana, burukutu or otika in Nigeria, tchoukoutou and chakpolo in Benin and Togo, dolo in Mali and tchapalo in Ivory Coast [3]. They are largely consumed during traditional ceremonies and constitute also an important source of income for the sellers and producers who are mostly rural men and women. The studies carried out by several authors on Africa traditional beverage showed that lactic acid bacteria and yeast strain Saccharomyces cereviciea are the most important microorganisms in these beverage [3] [4]. Other studies carried out have shown the probiotic properties of those microorganisms [5] [6] [7].
Studies carried out on Single Cell Protein production showed that yeast strains can be isolated from Africa traditional beverage and used as inoculum for food and feed protein production. Indeed, yeasts are able to assimilate several types of raw material and contain more than 50% total proteins with high content of essential amino acids. Also, it is an important source of vitamins (group B) and mineral salts [8]. Wijeyaratne and Jayathilakf [9] showed that Candida sp. contains vitamin B (riboflavin (0.231 mg/g), and thiamin (0.178 mg/g). Ouedraogo [10] revealed that Candida utilis NOY1 contains 54.8% ± 0.12% of protein. Somda [11] used Saccahromyces cerevisae produced yeast biomass with an interesting rate of essential amino acids using mangoes residues as substrate.
In Burkina Faso, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts are reported as the main microorganisms of dolo [3] [5].  [12] is used as condiment for some communities in Burkina Faso as protein source. It is generally harvested from the bottom of a previous fermenting beer resulting from 12 to 13 h overnight fermentation. Mainly studies have been done on dolo production process. However, the microorganisms contained in the Rabilé that is used as a protein source in food preparation has not yet been investigated. The increasing interest for yeast application like protein source, and thus ensuring food quality and safety, the identification and classification of the stains involved is very necessary.
The aim of this study is to determine the microbiological characteristics of the traditional beer starter "Rabilé" which is used as condiment, and to identify the different species of yeasts involved using phenotypic analysis tools. This is important to ensure that quality and purity of starter and to avoid contamination from pathogenic microorganism which may imperil the process and safety of product.

Sample Collection
Before collecting the sample, some information about the production of Rabilé

Identification of Yeast
Isolated colonies with distinct morphological appearance were picked up aseptically and subjected to several tests for identification. The classical methods used by [13] based on examination of morphological, biochemical, cultural and physiological properties of yeasts isolated in pure cultures were applied using Wickerham medium. Preliminary confirmation was based on microscopic observation. The isolates were tested for the fermentation of sucrose, lactose, glucose

Data Analysis
For the analytical data, mean values, as well as standard deviation, are reported.
The data were analyzed using the statistical program, XLSAT 2014. 5 Table 1 shows an enumeration of flora aerobic mesophilic total (FAMT) and

Microbial Enumeration in Rabilé
yeasts found in Rabilé collected from different sampling sites. The results were converted to log 10 CFU•g −1 .
The results of FAMT and yeasts enumeration from Rabilé (Table 1) shows that FAMT and yeasts counted in Rabilé were higher than FAMT and yeast counted in a sorghum beer burukutu (7.95 ± 0.45 and 7.49 ± 0.54) as reported by [15]. Djêgui [6] thought that the difference between yeasts counted in kpete-kpete, tchoukoutou ferment and in burukutu could be due to the fact that there is a significant difference between the dry matters of both products. The results of Table 1 show there is a significant difference between FAMT and yeasts counted from the localities. However, the number of FAMT and yeasts Mogmenga [2] showed that Rabilé used as condiment by certain communities of Burkina Faso is contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus and total coliform. The utilization of Rabilé as condiment could be a food contamination source. Table 2 presents the morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics of yeasts strains isolated from Rabilé. According to these characteristics, yeasts strains have been gathered into three groups. The group that presented a main difference with other groups was a group III. The color of those strains was red, and in broth medium there is not sail formation. The difference between members of group I and group II was the number of ascospores, there were 8 ascospores in the strains of group I and 4 ascospores in the strains of group II. All of strains of these groups were catalase + and oxidase + .

Assimilation Profile and Identification of Yeasts Isolates
Considering carbon (API 20C AUX gallery) source assimilation profile (Table  3) Numbers of isolates (%) The results in Table 4 show that the majority of yeasts strains isolated from Rabilé fermented glucose, maltose, sucrose, galactose and raffinose whereas none fermented lactose. The nitrogenous sources assimilation test show that a majority of yeasts strains isolated from Rabilé assimilated L-lysine, cadaverine and sulfate of ammonium, whereas a minority assimilated nitrate. The diazonium blue B test revealed that 8% of the isolates were basidiomycetous whereas 92% were ascomycetous. According to their fermentation profile and the nitrogen assimilation pattern, the fifty yeasts strains could be grouped into 18 distinct groups. 18% were in the first group, 14% were in the second group, 10% in the third group and the rest are distributed in the other 11 groups.
According to the phenotypic characteristics the fifty yeasts strains isolated were found to belong to four genera and seven species of yeasts. These are Saccharomyces cerevisiae (64%), Rhodotorula muciloginosa, (8%), Candida pseudorhangii (6%), Candida heliconiae (12%), Candida utilis (4%), Shizosaccharomyces pombe (4%) and Sporobolomyces odoratus (2%). Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to be the dominant yeast species in the Rabilé.   The diversity of yeasts strains contained in Rabilé can be explained by the fact African traditional alcoholic beverage production results from spontaneous fermentation and as a result, both desirable and non-desirable strains are present in the product [16]. Saccharomyces cerevisiae appeared in this study to be the most predominant yeast strain in Rabilé (64%) (Figure 2), a traditional fermented beer starter using as condiment in Burkina Faso. These findings are in accordance with previous studies reported by other authors. Konlani [8] found that Saccharomyces cerevisiae accounted for 55% -90% of yeast population in samples of sorghum beer originated from Togo and Burkina Faso. N'guessan [17] found that Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most representative yeast strain (87.36%) associated with tchapalo fermentation in Ivory Coast. Similarly, [15] in Ghana found that the majority of 180 yeasts strains isolated from burukutu were Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Also, Djegui [1] and Djêgui [6] found a higher frequency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae respectively at 54% and 71% from otché and kpete-kpete, traditional starters of Benin opaque sorghum beer. According to [18]   strains identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae but that could not assimilate all of those sugars. The identification of yeasts from Rabilé shows that the consumption of Rabilé could cause food intoxication. If Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis have been approved for use as additive by Food and Drug Administration [20], it is not the case for Rhodotorula muciloginosa, Candida pseudorhangii, Candida heliconiae, Shizosaccharomyces pombe and Sporobolomyces odoratus even if they are used to produce value-added products.

Conclusion
This study on characterization and identification of yeasts isolated from Rablilé showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the predominant specie of yeast in the traditional starter Rabilé used as condiment in Burkina Faso. Moreover, for more robust microbial identification, we suggest another approach based on genome fingerprinting techniques for the characterization of traditional starter Rabilé used as condiment. Such an approach would lead to an improvement of Rabilé quality and also avoid food intoxication that Rabilé consumption can induce.