Efficiency of Fabric Repellency to Mosquitoes

Textile finishing sectors had a great development, and health awareness is in-creasing, the finishing of textile to repel insect is very important and urgent to prevent transmission of mosquitoes diseases. Therefore, the researcher found that the Neem tree can be used in textile finishing as repel mosquitoes, by using the solution extracted from green and dry Neem leaf for future applications, in apparel industry, tents, curtains and furnishings. This research used the experimental descriptive method, which describes the phenomenon, summarizes data and information to analyze it for conclusion and recom-mendation. The researcher surveyed data and information about the neem tree and used it for textile finishing as repel insects, some properties of textile were tested to evaluate the effect of solution extracted from green and dry leaf of Neem tree on the performance of textile properties and repel insects. It was found that the fabric finished by using green Neem leaf, has the ability to repel 80% of mosquitoes, and the fabric finished by using dry Neem leaf, has the ability to repel 60% of mosquitoes, and the finishing of fabric with the extracted solution green and dry Neem leaf has a significant effect on the fabric properties.


Introduction
In line with the improvement of people's living standard and the growing awareness and need to preserve the environment, several regulations were introduced, also in the textile industry in order to control the use of chemicals in textile processes and use natural material for textile finishing.
Due to the severity of diseases, which transmitted by Mosquitoes, great efforts have been done to search new treatment of textile based on plant to be more effective and safe for fighting Mosquitoes instead of insecticides that gain the Mosquitoes are one of the worst enemies for humans and animals and are considered the first enemy of the harmful insects to transmit many diseases between people a year such as malaria fever, dengue fever, rift valley fever, and other diseases.
The progress and development in the textile sectors lead to finish the textiles to be repelling insects by using natural plants.
Neem trees contain many compounds, the Salannun compound is one of them and has significant effect to be insect repellent, especially against mosquito, and many compounds were extracted from Neem seeds and leaf, and were used as natural insecticides, insect repellent that affected on some kinds of insects, mites and worms.
Neem extracted for insect repelling is antibacterial, some studies recommended for more researches on the plants to apply on the textile finishing and treatment to improve the textile finishing, being an alternative of harmful chemicals treatments.

Review of Literature
Due to the increment of awareness of green environment, the requirements of consumers for apparel to be healthy, environmentally friendly. The idea of eco-friendly clothing is to develop the product from raw materials to the recycling for healthy and clean environment.
All processes of apparel production as fiber, spinning, weaving, finishing, treatments, readymade garment, and recycling must be friendly for environment, also the materials used for apparel manufacturing must be recycled and reuse again to be eco friendly and for sustainability to save the sources of new raw materials (Nassif, 1999).
In many studies, the researchers have focused to produce fabric with specials treatments as, anti bacteria, anti mold, insect repelling, oil repellency and flame resistance, etc. (Sheta & Nader, 1999).
Despite of the great importance of the finishing processes for textile to meet the requirements of textile sector, as expansion, the ability to compete in domestic and international markets to add high value, most of the studies have shown that the manufacture of wet processing for textile is one of the largest sources of pollution in the textile sector. More than 300 to 800 different types of chemicals items are used, most of them do not have safety data sheet (Nassif & Okda, 2004).
So the researchers interested of nature, where they found more facilities that could be helpful for new modern technologies.
"Biomimetic Nature" has become the focus of the researchers, using this simulation technique to understand the natural structures for its applications, because the nature is the first teacher of human for inventions. Neem is the most versatile, multifarious trees of tropics, with immense potential.
It possesses maximum useful non-wood products (leaf, bark, flowers, fruits, seed, gum, oil and Neem cake) than any other tree species. These non-wood products are known to have antifungal, antipyorrhoeic, antiscabic, insecticidal, larvicidal, and other biological activities.
Because of these activities of Neem, it has found enormous applications making it a green treasure (Girish & Shankara Bhat, 2008).

Neem tree was introduced in places such as Australia, East and sub-Saharan
Africa, South East Asia, and South America. Today, the neem is well established in at least 30 countries worldwide, in Asia, Africa and Central and South America. Some small scale plantations are also reportedly successful in Europe and United States of America (Qaisi, 1998).
Neem is a multipurpose agro forestry tree that is well adapted to a wide range of climatic, soil conditions, and has gained worldwide recognition for its phar-  The Indian people are the first human to use all parts of tree Neem, as leaf, bark, seed and branches of their medical uses. They extracted oils as natural compounds, which proved health benefits, the flowers of Neem release an aromatic smell which is good for human and is repel for the insects (Michel, 1993).
Neem plants have affect against great groups of insects and are not only specialized to treat a particular insect but also the extracted Neem has efficacy against 60 kinds of insects when used with very low concentrations, as the study which carried out in US universities, it has affect against the white fly that infects sweet potatoes, and snaky worm. Al-Mohmadi, and Al-Khalef (2008) found that the deactivation of egg production and mosquito repellent, depended on the concentration of the plant extract. In addition to the possibility of Neem extract for insect repelling, it is also antibacterial. Thilagavath et al. (2005) proved that the neem is 100% antibacterial, the study recommended for more researches on the plants to apply on the textile finishing and treatment to improve the washing fastness, also to be an alternative of harmful chemicals treatments.
The researchers are inspired by their patents and innovations from Nature, which offers multiple means that can be invested to improve the end use of the smart textile.

The Aim of the Research Are as the Following
1) Application the extracted solution from green and dry Neem leaf on textile finishing.
2) Evaluation the textile finishing, by using the extracted green and dry Neem leaf.
3) Evaluation the effect of the solution extracted from green and dry Neem on the textile properties as (Weight, thickness, hardness, drapeability, air permeability, and crease recovery).

Preparation the Extracted Solution from Green Neem Leaf
The Neem leaf samples were collected from the area of Arafat, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, and were packed in plastic bags and were transported to the Textile Laboratory, University of Umm Al Qura. Leaf samples were washed using water to remove dust and particles. The leaves were separated from the stalk, the leaves were kept in plastic bag.
The Neem leaves were covered with water at a ratio of one kilogram of leaves to five liters of water, and soaked over night without heat or boil to get high concentration of Azadirachtin content. After that the leaves were grind in the water and liquid was filtered to get clear liquid as shown in Figure 2, and the liquid used for finishing the textile fabric.

Preparation the Extracted Solution from Dry Neem Leaf
Leaf samples were washed using water to remove dust and particles. The leaves were separated from the stalk and dried in the ambient temperature for one week, after drying, the leaves were grinded into a powder by using mill, and the powder sample was kept in dark glass bottle.
The Neem powder were mixed with water at a ratio of one kilogram of powder to five liters of water, and mixed without heat or boil to get high concentration of Azadirachtin content, after that the liquid was filtered to get clear liquid which used for finishing the textile fabric, as shown in Figure 3.

The Processing of Fabric Finishing, Using Solution Extracted from Green and Dry Neem Leaf
The extracted solution from green and dry has been applied as coating directly to the surfaces of the fabric by using laboratory padding machine.
Textile fabric was immersed in the diluted extracted solution from green and dry Neem leaf at room temperature, the fabric picks up from the solution set to be (2% -5%), by adjust the squeezer system.
The color of solution from green Neem leaf was light but the color of solution   The mosquitoes were placed in the middle slot of the tube of the instrument, the slot and box were closed and light of instrument was off. After 20 minutes, the box was opened, and numbers of insects were counted, either that moved to the right direction from the middle of the tube to the solution extracted, or that moved to the left direction to wet cotton swab, as shown in Table 1.

Effect of the Types Fabric Finishing on the Mosquitoes Repellent
It is clear from Table 1 that the percentage of mosquitoes moved to the direction   From all of above, the finishing fabric with Neem leaf has a significant effect on repel mosquitoes.

Effect of the Finishing Types on the Fabric Properties
The researcher carried out some experiments on the finished samples to study the effect of the finishing on the fabric properties and evaluate the end use of the samples, the following tests carried out on plain weave fabric 100% cotton, as shown in Table 2. Figure 5 shows the weight of control fabric sample was 88.8 g/m 2 , after finishing the weight of fabric increased, the weight of fabric finished with the extracted solution green Neem leaf was 93.2 g/m 2 , in the other side the weight of fabric finished with the extracted solution dry Neem leaf was 96.8 g/m 2 .

Weight of Fabric
The increment of weight for finished fabric with dry Neem leaf was due to the more concentration substance of Neem in the extracted solution.  Figure 6 shows the air permeability of control fabric sample was 35 cm 3 /cm 2 /s, but after finishing with green and dry Neem, the air permeability of fabric decreased. The air permeability of treated fabric with the extracted solution of green Neem leaf was 33.3 cm 3 /cm 2 /s, and the air permeability of finished fabric with the extracted solution dry Neem leaf was 34.2 cm 3 /cm 2 /s.

Air Permeability
The decrement of air permeability of fabric after finishing with dry and green Neem leaf comparing with the control fabric sample was due to the increment of non fibrous materials during finishing processing. Figure 7 shows the stiffness index of control fabric sample was 52.2 but after  The increment of stiffness index for the treated fabric with dry Neem leaf was due to the more concentration substance of Neem in the extracted solution which leads to more non fibrous materials in the textile fabric.  The increment of the fabric thickness after finishing with dry Neem leaf was due to the non fibrous materials after finishing. Figure 9 shows the drapeability index of control fabric sample was (56.64), after finishing the drapeability of decreased.

Drapeability
The drapeability index of finished fabric with the extracted solution green Neem leaf was (55%) and the drapeability index of treated fabric with the extracted solution dry Neem leaf was (49.4%).  The drapeability index after finishing shows that the drape of fabric improved after finishing with both dry and green Neem leaf. Figure 10 shows the crease recovery angle of fabric control fabric sample was (150), after finishing the crease recovery angle changed depending on the finished type.

Crease Recovery Angle of Fabric
The crease recovery angle of finished fabric with the extracted solution green Neem leaf was (180) and the crease recovery angle of treated fabric with the extracted solution dry Neem leaf was (130).
The crease recovery angle of treated fabric with the extracted solution green Neem was better than crease recovery angle of treated fabric with the extracted solution dry Neem, because the increment of non fibrous due to using dry Neem leaf, which lead to be stiff.

Summary
1) The fabric finished by using green Neem leaf has the ability to repel 80% of mosquitoes, and the fabric finished by using dry Neem leaf has the ability to repel 60% of mosquitoes.
2) The finishing of fabric with the extracted solution green and dry Neem leaf has a significant effect on the fabric properties.
3) The extracted solution from green and dry Neem leaf can be used as spray to repel mosquitoes 4) Being eco-friendly for the textile finishing is top urgent.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.