Neoneurogenesis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Tongue: A New Mechanism for Its Development ()
1. Introduction
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue is the most common malignancy in the oral cavity with an incidence varying from 1.1 to 9.4/100,000/year [1] . Despite current advances in diagnosis and management, the tongue cancer remains a difficult region to assess and a 5-year survival remains poor at 62.7% in the USA and below 50% in other countries [2] .
The exact pathogenesis of tongue cancer has not been clearly uncovered. Recently, few studies have revealed that infiltration of the tumor microenvironment by nerves, termed tumor neoneurogenesis plays an important role in cancer progression and dissemination [3] [4] [5] .
In the present study, we investigated whether tumor neoneurogenesis could be observed in SCC of the tongue, and an animal study was designed to explore the role of the growth of new nerves in the tumorogenesis of SCC.
2. Materials and Methods
1) Biopsy from patients
10 preexisting human formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue histologically confirmed as tongue squamous cell carcinoma were chosen.
2) Cell culture
Tca-8113 cell line was kindly donated by Dr. Wu Debao from Tianjin Medical University and maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY, USA) at 37˚C in a humidied atmosphere containing 95% air and 5% CO2.
3) Murine Model
Fifteen 4 - 6 weeks old female Balb/c nude mice (nu/nu), purchased from Charles River laboratories. On the day at tumor implantation, the cell suspension was achieved at a final density of 1.0 × 107 cells/ml in chilled PBS. Each mouse received 100 μl of cell suspension (namely 1.0 × 106 Tca-8113 cells) by subcutaneous injection in the dorsal midline.
2, 4, 6 weeks after cell injection, the animals were sacrificed under deep anesthesia for collection of tumor tissues (five in each group). All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care & Welfare Committee of Tianjin Medical University.
4) Histological Studies
Tumor tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and then stained using routine immunohistochemistry method with a monoclonal anti-Nerofilament Light chain antibody (NF-L antibody is purchased from Novus Technology: NB300-132).
3. Results
1) IHC staining in human body tissue
IHC staing of NF-L was positive in all 10 paraffins of tongue squamous cell carcinoma sections which suggested that newly formed nerves were observed in tumor microenvironment (details in Figure 1).
2) Animal model development
Murine model of tongue squamous cell carcinoma was gained about 1 week
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Figure 1. NF-L staining in human tissue. NF-L staining positive indicating new growth of nerves (×100).
after cell line injection. Tumor tissues were achieved 2, 4, 6 weeks after cell injection, and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, sectioned.
3) IHC staining in animal model tissue
NF-L staining is positive in the paraffins from animal models even in the murine tissue from 2 weeks indicating that the tongue cancer recruits newly formed nerves in its initiation and development (details in Figure 2(a)). With the growth of tumor in 4 and 6 week, the number of newly formed nerves is increasing (details in Figure 2(b), Figure 2(c)).
4. Discussion
One of the most well-known hallmarks of cancer cells is their ability to break away from their original site to invade neighboring tissue and spread to distant body parts [6] .
Since the mid-1800s some pioneer scientists described a phenomenon that head and neck cancers exhibited a predilection for growth along nerves namely perineural invasion (PNI) in pathology as they made their way toward the intracranial fossa [7] . Perineural invasion is now well recognized as a significant factor that associated with poor prognosis in several solid malignancies, such as melanoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, and adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands [8] .
Despite early studies show an impact of denervation in cancer, the role of nerves in cancer initiation and progression has remained unclear [9] .
Traditionally, in the relationship between tumor cells and nerves, nerves are passively affected in the process of perineural invasion. Until recently, in a subverted breakthrough article, Claire Magnon has observed for the first time that the infiltration of tumors by growing nerves (tumor neoneurogenesis), and provided evidence that autonomic nerves contribute to prostate cancer development in the mouse model [3] .
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Figure 2. NF-L staining in murine model. (a) 2 weeks; (b) 4 weeks; (c) 6 weeks. NF-L staining positive indicating new growth of nerves, and the number increasing with tumor growth (×100).
The tongue is a strong muscular organ in the mouth which contributes to chewing, swallowing and speech, in addition it is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system. Innervations of the tongue consist of motor fibers, special sensory fibers for taste and general sensory fibers for sensation [10] [11] .
In traditional views between the relationship of tongue cancer cells and nerves, nerve fibers are passively affected by cancer cells in tumor environment which leads to numb or local pain and impoverished mobility of the tongue [12] [13] .
In our studies, we examined sections of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma tissues by immunohistochemistry. The positive staining of NF-L showed that new growth nerve had been observed in tumor tissue. This analysis revealed that the newly nerve fibers can infiltrate tumor microenvironment actively which suggested that neo-neurogenesis may play an important role in its development.
To explore whether newly nerve fibers could be observed in the initial phase of cancer, an animal experiment was designed. Paraffind sections were achieved from murine grafting. IHC staining of NF-L was positive even in the tissue from 2 weeks and the intensity of nerve fibers increased accompanied with the growth of tumors indicating that neo-neurogenesis may attribute to the pathogenesis and development of tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
More and more studies have discovered that neo-neurogenesis stimulates the initiation and metastasis of several types of cancer. However, the exact underlying mechanism between neo-neurogenesis and cancer has not been clarified. Neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) secreted from new growth nerves may be a promoter on cancer cell differentiation and proliferation [14] [15] ; a recent study by Zahalka shows that new growth adrenergic nerves in prostate cancer microenvironment are critical for activation of an angiogenic switch that fuels exponential tumor growth [16] .
For the first time, neo-neurogenesis was detected in the initiation and development of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. The further identification of tumor neo-neurogenesis may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of tongue cancer. From a therapeutic perspective, further studies on the role of neurogenesis in tongue cancer progression may provide new clinical opportunity through anti-neoneurogenesis. Inhibition of new growth of nerve infiltration can be achieved by excision or local injection of neurotoxic agents directly or targeting neurotrophic growth factors and its receptors indirectly.