Profile of Patients Treated in Outpatient Vestibular Rehabilitation at a Hospital in São Paulo ()
1. Introduction
A dysfunction of the body balance is generated by a conflict in the integration of sensory information that helps postural control and that can be translated as dizziness [1] [2] .
There are many symptoms associated with vertigo and other types of dizziness that can cause inability to perform of the professional, social and domestic activities triggering a series of psychosocial consequences [3] . Among them we have otoneurological symptoms (headache, hearing loss, ear pain, tinnitus and nausea) and psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, and fear) [2] [4] [5] .
Treatment of patients with vestibular dysfunction is an alarming problem. Vestibular dysfunctions are present in 5% to 10% of the world population and are the seventh complaint most commonly found in women and the fourth in men [6] . It is estimated that the prevalence of balance disorders and vertigo events is 5% to 10% of physician visits per year. In people over 65 years old dizziness is the first reason for a doctor’s appointment [7] .
Currently it is very common that the search for diagnosis and treatment for the cure of diseases can cause vertigo or dizziness; therefore, it is necessary that the characterization of this population should improve primary care, health promotion campaigns and specific advices. The purpose of this study was to obtain and describe the profile of the patients treated at the vestibular rehabilitation outpatient clinic in a tertiary-level hospital..
This study had the objective of obtaining and describing the profile of patients treated in vestibular rehabilitation clinic in a tertiary level hospital.
2. Methodology
2.1. Ethical Considerations
The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (Protocol No. 7277/2013).
2.2. Procedures
Data were collected through questionnaires completed in the initial consultation of the subject, by the responsible audiologist of the vestibular rehabilitation service.
The data collected were age, gender, otoneurological diagnosis, presence of vertigo and/or non-rotating, neurovegetative symptoms, auditory symptoms (tinnitus), hearing standard (result of audiometry), time of onset of dizziness, general health (metabolic disorders, vision problems, back problems, cranial trauma, hypertension, stroke and other) and the presence of vestibular tests.
2.3. Selection and Size of Sample
To obtain the profile of patients over 10 years of service in vestibular rehabilitation clinic in a tertiary level hospital were randomly selected questionnaires completed between the years 2002 to 2012. This was a retrospective, observational study.
Exclusion criteria: questionnaires with incomplete data; questionnaires filled out the described period.
2.4. Data Analysis
The descriptivestatistics for the data distribution and the coefficient of variation were performed.
3. Results
The sample consisted of 672 questionnaires. The distribution of subjects is by gender, mean age and standard deviation (Table 1).
About the type of dizziness presented, 33.04% (N = 222) of subjects had vertigo, 31.85% (N = 214) reported non-rotational dizziness and 35.11% (N = 236) of subjects reported having both types associated.
Figure 2 shows the distribution of subjects according to the presence of neurovegetative symptoms (nausea, vomiting, sweating, tachycardia and pallor) associated with dizziness (N = 672).
Figure 3 is the distribution of subjects for the presence of caloric testing in electronystagmography and computerized dynamic posturography.
4. Discussion
The distribution of the sample according to gender and average age (Table 1) shows the prevalence of dizziness in females agreeing to the world literature works [8] [9] [10] [11] . Women seek more medical care in relation to men and have factors such as variation of monthly hormonal cycle and the climacteric period which has dizziness as one of the main symptoms [12] [13] .
Audiological results (Figure 1) indicate that most of the subjects had normal hearing bilaterally 35.26% (N = 237). We believe that the fact that the study population is not old, mean age 54.4 years and present mostly 65.47% (N = 440) peripheral topographic diagnosis where the most frequent labyrinth pathology is Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) justified audiological research findings.
However, there was no a standard system of classification in results of audiological tests for degree classification of the hearing loss.
About the type of dizziness, more than half of the subjects 35.11% (N = 236) had vertigo and non-rotating dizziness associated.
About the presence of associated neurovegetative symptoms (Figure 2) such
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Table 1. Distribution of subjects by gender, mean age and standard deviation.
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Figure 1. Distribution of subjects according to the type of hearing to the type of hearing loss.
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Figure 2. Distribution of subjects according to the complaint of neurovegetative symptoms.
as nausea, sweating, tachycardia and vomiting, most patients 63.68% (N = 428) had at least one of the symptoms mentioned in agreement with the study by Cohenetal. Describing these symptoms as frequently reported by patients with dizziness [14] .
The tinnitus was hearing manifestation most commonly found in 58.33% (N = 392) of patients, according to the literature [15] [16] .
There was a prevalence of 70.68% (N = 475) of the subjects of the sample with time corresponding dizziness complaint to a range of 0 to 5 years (Table 2) and this finding similar to that found in the study of Bittar et al. [12] .
About the comorbidities found in this study (Table 3), were similar to those found in the works of Nishino et al. [8] , Horunbia [17] and Fetter [18] that pointed as comorbidities of the dizziness, cardiovascular deficiency, metabolic disorders, cervical spine disorders, head or neck trauma, stroke, vision impairment, psychological disorders such as panic attacks and anxiety. The main comorbidity found in the study was hypertension 41.51% (N = 279) followed by a visual disorder 36.30% (N = 244).
About the presence of caloric test of Electronystagmography and Computerized Dynamic Posturography (Figure 3), the percentage of subjects without examination was 45.30% (N = 304) of the study population. It is believed that this was given obtained because the majority of the population studied have topographic diagnosis of peripheral origin, and the disease most commonly found is the Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, where the clinical examination set
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Table 2. Distribution of subjects according to the time of dizziness.
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Table 3. Main comorbidities presented by the study population.
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Figure 3. Distribution of subjects according to the presence of the test and posturography caloric test.
the indication of repositioning maneuvers and Vestibular Rehabilitation, even without the need for otoneurological additional tests [5] .
About medical diagnosis (Table 4), much of the population studied 65.47% (N = 440) had some source of disease in the peripheral vestibular system as the cause of dizziness which corroborates the findings of Ganança et al. [5] and Ganança et al. [19] who estimated that the origin of dizziness is correlated with a peripheral system disorder in about 85% of cases.
5. Conclusion
The prevalence of gender in vestibular rehabilitation clinic was female. The average
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Table 4. Distribution of subjects according to the topodiagnosis.
age of the population served was 54.9 years old. Dizziness of the rotary type was the most prevalent. Tinnitus was the most commonly reported symptom otoneurological. Nausea, pallor, sweating, tachycardia and vomiting have been associated with dizziness for 63.68% of the population. The most commonly reported complaint time was 0 - 5 years. The normal bilateral hearing was the predominant auditory pattern. The disorder of the peripheral vestibular system was the most prevalent. The Hypertension was the most commonly reported comorbidity.