Exact Solutions of Gardner Equations through tanh-coth Method

Lin Lin, Shiyong Zhu, Yinkang Xu, Yubing Shi

Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.

DOI: 10.4236/am.2016.718186                

Abstract

In this paper, we apply the tanh-coth method and traveling wave transformation method for solving Gardner equations, including (1 + 1)-Gardner and (2 + 1)- Gardner equations. The tanh-coth method proved to be reliable and effective in handling a large number of nonlinear dispersive and disperse equations. Through tanh-coth method, we get analytical expressions of soliton solutions of Gardner equations. The one-soliton solution is characterized by an infinite wing or infinite tail.

Keywords

tanh-coth Method, Gardner Equations, Soliton Solutions

1. Introduction

In the study of nonlinear science, finding the exact solution of nonlinear evolution equations is an important subject. Different methods have their different types of specific applications for nonlinear evolution equations. In recent years many scholars put forward and developed several new methods for solving PDEs which based on the original method, such as Hirota’s bilinear method [1] , homogeneous balance method [2] [3] , projective Riccati equation method [4] [5] , Jacobi elliptic functions method [6] , auxiliary equation method [7] , and separation of variables [8] [9] [10] . Among them, the tanh-coth method and the sine-cosine method are powerful and widely used in several research works. For single soliton solution, the tanh-coth method is easy to use and has been applied for a wide variety of nonlinear problems.

In the plasma physics, solid physics, fluid mechanics, etc., the Gardner equation is written as

(1)

which is also called the KdV-mKdV equation. The model can be well described the wave propagation in a one-dimensional nonlinear lattice with a non harmonic bound particle. Gardner equations have very important application in mathematics, physics, engineering and other fields. Different types of equations can be obtained by changing the value of, ,.

With, , the KdV equation is written as

(2)

where the parameter can be scaled to any real number, usually taking or. KdV equation simulates a variety of nonlinear phenomena, including the ion acoustic waves and diving waves in the plasma.

With, we get the mKdV equation which is written as

(3)

It is completely integrable [11] and can be obtained by Miura transformation of the KdV equation.

The Gardner equations are used to describe many physical models, which are closely related to the study of physics. So it is very important to study it deeply.

With, the (1 + 1)-Gardner equation turns out to be

(4)

Further, the (2 + 1)-dimensional Gardner Equation [12] [13] [14] [15] is written as

(5)

which reduces to the (1 + 1)-Gardner equation with.

For, Equation (5) is transformed into the KP equation as

(6)

while it is the modified KP equation with. Therefore, the (2 + 1)-Gardner equation combines KP equation and modified KP equation.

With, the (2 + 1)-Gardner equation turns out to be

(7)

We had found soliton solutions, travelling wave solutions and plane periodic solutions of KdV and mKdV equations through tanh-coth method. In order to prove superiority of the tanh-coth method, we apply it on Gardner equations which are more complex and have higher dimensions.

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce the tanh-coth method. In Section 3, we first substitute the wave variable into the (1 + 1)-Gardner equation, and then integrate once. Based on the tanh-coth method, the soliton and kink solutions of the (1 + 1)-Gardner are given. In Section 4, we would like to search for solutions to the dimensionally reduced (2 + 1)-Gardner equation from substituting the wave variable. The solutions are obtained by tanh-coth method and the soliton solution is graphically revealed. A conclusion is given in Section 5.

2. The tanh-coth Method

A wave variable converts any PDE

(8)

to an ODE

(9)

Equation (9) is then integrated as long as all terms contain derivatives where integration constants are considered zeros.

Introducing an independent variable

(10)

where is the wave number. The tanh-coth method admits the use of the finite expansion

(11)

where is a positive integer, in most cases, that will be determined by balance method. And we usually balance the highest order nonlinear terms with the linear terms of highest order by using the scheme given as follows:

(12)

Substituting (11) into the reduced ODE results. We then collect all coefficients of each power of in the resulting equation where these coefficients have to vanish. This will give a system of algebraic equations involving the parameters and c. Finally, we obtain an analytic solution in a closed form.

3. The Solutions of (1 + 1)-Gardner Equation

We first substitute the wave variable into the (1 + 1)-Gardner equation

(13)

that gives

(14)

Integrating once to obtain

(15)

We then balance the nonlinear term, that has the exponent, with the highest order derivative, that has the exponent. Using the balance process leads to

(16)

that gives

(17)

The tanh-coth method allows us to use the substitution

(18)

Substituting (18) into (15), collecting the coefficients of each power of, setting each coefficient to zero, we find

We find the following sets of solutions:

(i) (19)

(ii) (20)

(iii) (21)

Consequently, we obtain the following solutions:

(22)

(23)

(24)

Following immediately. Figure 1 shows a single soliton solution for. In the graph, the X axis is, the Y axis is, and the Z axis is. It can be see that the one-soliton solution is characterized by an infinite wing. This shows

that as and one of them tends to infinity, that is, tends to infinity.

Figure 1. Graph of the one-solution solution for characterized by an infinite wing.

4. The Solutions of (2 + 1)-Gardner Equation

We first substitute the wave variable into the (2 + 1)-Gardner equation

(25)

that gives

Based on, we get

(26)

Integrating once to obtain

(27)

We then balance the nonlinear term, that has the exponent, with the highest order derivative, that has the exponent. Using the balance process leads to

(28)

that gives

(29)

The tanh-coth method allows us to use the substitution

(30)

Substituting (30) into (27), that gives

Collecting the coefficients of each power of and then setting each coefficient to zero that leads to the following set of constraining equations for the parameters:

We find the following sets of solutions:

(i) (31)

(ii) (32)

(iii) (33)

Consequently, we obtain the solutions as

(34)

(35)

(36)

where and are kink solutions. And the kink solution’s graph is changing along with taking different values.

Following immediately. Figure 2 below shows the one-soliton solution for. From the graph we can see, the one-soliton solution is cha-racterized by infinite tail. This shows that as and one of them tends to infinity, that is, tends to infinity.

Figure 2. Graph of for characterized by an infinite tail.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we obtain the soliton and kink solutions of the (1 + 1)-Gardner equation and (2 + 1)-Gardner equation through the tanh-coth method. The biggest advantage is that by traveling wave transformation, the problem of solving nonlinear partial differential equations is transformed into the problem of solving nonlinear ordinary differential equations or nonlinear algebraic equations. The tanh-coth method is convenient to use, and can be further extended to solve other nonlinear partial differential equations.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the referees for their enthusiastic guidance and help. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.11371326)

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Hirota, R. (2004) The Direct Method in Soliton Theory. Vol. 155, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543043
[2]	Wang, M. (1995) Solitary Wave Solutions for Variant Boussinesq Equations. Physics Letters A, 199, 169-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(95)00092-H
[3]	Fan, E.G. (2004) Integrable Systems and Computer Algebra. Science Press, Beijing.
[4]	Ying, J.P. and Lou, S.Y. (2003) Multilinear Variable Separation Approach in (3 + 1)-Dimensions: The Burgers Equation. Chinese Physics Letters, 20, 1448. https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/20/9/311
[5]	Fang, J.P. and Zheng, C.L. (2005) New Exact Excitations and Soliton Fission and Fusion for the (2 + 1)-Dimensional Broer-Kaup-Kupershmidt System. Chinese Physics, 14, 669. https://doi.org/10.1088/1009-1963/14/4/006
[6]	Liu, S., Fu, Z., Liu, S. and Zhao, Q. (2001) Jacobi Elliptic Function Expansion Method and Periodic Wave Solutions of Nonlinear Wave Equations. Physics Letters A, 289, 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9601(01)00580-1
[7]	Taogetusang, S. (2006) New Type of Exact Solitary Wave Solutions for Dispersive Long- Wave Equation and Benjamin Equation.
[8]	Tang, X.Y. and Liang, Z.F. (2006) Variable Separation Solutions for the (3 + 1)-Dimensional Jimbo-Miwa Equation. Physics Letters A, 351, 398-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2005.11.035
[9]	Zhang, S.L., Lou, S.Y. and Qu, C.Z. (2006) The Derivative-Dependent Functional Variable Separation for the Evolution Equations. Chinese Physics, 15, 2765-2776. https://doi.org/10.1088/1009-1963/15/12/001
[10]	Ma, H.C., Ge, D.J. and Yu, Y.D. (2008) New Periodic Wave Solutions, Localized Excitations and Their Interaction for (2 + 1)-Dimensional Burgers Equation. Chinese Physics B, 17, 4344. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/17/12/002
[11]	Malfliet, W. (1992) Solitary Wave Solutions of Nonlinear Wave Equations. American Journal of Physics, 60, 650-654. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.17120
[12]	Liu, Y., Duan, F. and Hu, C. (2015) Painlevé Property and Exact Solutions to a (2 + 1) Dimensional KdV-mKdV Equation. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 3, 697. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2015.36083
[13]	Wazwaz, A.M. (2007) New Solitons and Kink Solutions for the Gardner Equation. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 12, 1395-1404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2005.11.007
[14]	Konno, K. and Ichikawa, Y.H. (1974) A Modified Korteweg de Vries Equation for Ion Acoustic Waves. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 37, 1631-1636. https://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.37.1631
[15]	Chen, Y. and Yan, Z. (2005) New Exact Solutions of (2 + 1)-Dimensional Gardner Equation via the New Sine-Gordon Equation Expansion Method. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 26, 399-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.01.004