Study of Nanoskin ECM-Bacterial Cellulose Wound Healing/United Arab Emirates ()
Received 11 March 2016; accepted 26 April 2016; published 29 April 2016
1. Introduction
Tissue engineering is a recent field that creates functioning artificial tissues and organs. Major considerations in tissue engineering include both the type of cell and the substrate (scaffold) to be used. Many strategies use an artificial scaffold that functions as the ECM to facilitate both organization and differentiation of implanted cells into a functional 3D tissue [1] .
Wounds are injuries that result in an ulcer or break of the skin. Healing is a complex process in response to an injury to restores the integrity of wound. Wound healing involves cell-cell and cell matrix interactions to allow the process [2] [3] . Besides, wounds are followed by inflammatory processes with various mediators, such as eicosanoids, prostaglandins or cytokines [4] . NF-B is one central protein that regulates several inflammatory cytokines with IB, its inhibitory subunit. However, there are many factors which help NF-B activity break IB linkage. Because of this, to avoid inflammatory action, inhibition of NF-B activation is crucial to treat wounds inflammation [4] .
The extracellular matrix (ECM) contains an abundant variety of signals that are received by cell surface receptors and contribute to cell adhesion and cell fate, via regulation of cellular activities such as proliferation, migration and differentiation. As such, regenerative medicine studies often rely on mimicking the natural ECM to promote the formation of new tissue by host cells, and characterization of natural ECM components is vital for the development of new biomimetic approaches [5] [6] .
The failure of re-ephitelialization in a poorly wound healing is initially due a deficit in the epithelial cell itself, typically in slow to heal wounds like diabetic ulcers, however, lack of normal ECM is now recognized to be the problem as fibronectin and collagen are required for the cells to attach to the surface and migrate [7] - [11] .
In this scope, Natural ECM is the ideal biological scaffold since it contains all the components of the tissue. Constructive remodeling can be performed using such natural ECM scaffolds and vegetal/animal stem cells since, the cells can be delivered to the site of infraction and then cells help wound healing process. The development of niche mimicking biomaterials and hybrid biomaterial can further advance directed differentiation without specific induction [12] [13] .
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural cellulose produced by bacterial synthesis by biochemical steps and self- assembling of the secreted cellulose fibrils on the medium [14] [15] . Shaping of BC materials in the culture medium can be controlled by the type of cultivation that changes chain size, origin of strains which produces different proportions of crystalline phase of BC and the kind of bioreactor. BC hydrogel or BC in dry state is then obtained by methods, such as freeze-drying [16] [17] . The structural features of microbial cellulose, its properties and compatibility as a biomaterial for regenerative medicine can be changed by modifying its culture medium [18] or surface modification by physical [19] [20] ; chemical methods [21] and genetic modifications [22] to obtain a biomaterial with less rejection when in contact to the body [23] [24] .
In this work, novel studies of natural nanocomposites with Bacterial cellulose (Nanoskin®) for functional materials are reported. In order to produce scaffolds with drug delivery ability, porous structure and better cell adhesion, fermentation changes in gel bacterial cellulose with chondroitin 4-sulfate, hyaluronic acid and vegetal stem cells were performed with its in vivo cell behavior.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
The Bacterial cellulose (Nanoskin®) raw material was provided from Innovatec’s (São Carlos SP, Brazil). Chon- droitin 4-sulfate and hyaluronic acid sodium salt from Streptococcus equi (bacterial glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Vegetal stem cells were obtained from Brazillian environment, Waltheria Douradinha.
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Synthesis of Bacterial Cellulose and Bacterial Cellulose/Chondroitin Sulfate/Hyaluronic Acid
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is produced by Gram-negative bacteria Gluconacetobacter xylinus, which can be obtained consisting of an ultra fine network of cellulose nanofibers [19] . BC hydrogel or BC in dry state is then obtained by freeze-drying. The acetic fermentation process is achieved by using glucose as a carbohydrate source. Results of this process are vinegar and a nanobiocellulose biomass. The modified process is based on the addition of chondroitin 4-sulfate (1% w/w) and hyaluronic acid (1% w/w) to the culture medium (green tea) before the bacteria are inoculated.
2.2.2. Bionanocomposite Preparation
In the present study, a novel biomaterial has been explored and different bacterial cellulose nanocomposites have been prepared; BC/chondroitin 4-sulfate/hyaluronic acid. Samples were washed and it’s medium was changed with cells culture medium as illustrated in Figure 1.
2.3. Vegetal Stem Cells
The material of the plant of interest is collected and induced damage to causing the formation of scar tissue called callus. This tissue consists of totipotent cells, undifferentiated (stem cells) are collected and grown on agar plates to complete differentiation and generation of a homogeneous culture (2 - 10 days).
Cultures of these stem cells are grown in bioreactors and the batch is collected after all the sugar was metabolized. The cells are washed and homogenized to release secondary metabolites. Soluble metabolites in oil and water are collected and, if you need the isomalt-based spraying is performed.
2.4. Characterization
Transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Perkin Elmer Spectrum 1000)-Influences of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin 4-sulfate (CS) in bacterial cellulose were analyzed in the range between 250 and 4000 cm−1 and with 2 cm−1 resolution with samples.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out for biocomposites using a NETZSCH TG 209F1 in oxygen environment, with a heating rate of 10C/min. The temperature range scanned was from 25 celsius degree to 650 celsius degree. The weight of all specimens was maintained around 10 mg.
In vivo analysis-Evaluation-Clinical study at Sharjah Kuwait Hospital under supervision of Dr. Saqer Al Mualla and Dr. Raed Farahat. Evaluation model-Crushed injury with amputation of the index, Middle and ring of the right hand during work with skin loss since 5 days and all wounds shows necrotic tissue with black parts, bad offensive odor and small amount of pus.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. FTIR-Interaction between Bacterial Cellulose with Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin 4-Sulfate
Influences of chondroitin 4-sulfate (CS) and hyaluronic acid in bacterial cellulose (BC) were analyzed by ATR- FTIR in the range of 4000 - 2400 cm−1 (Figure 2) with resolution of 2 cm−1. The main features of the bacterial cellulose in mid-infrared spectroscopy are at 3349 cm−1 (sharp band; O-H stretching vibration associated to intramolecular hydrogen bonding), 3240 cm−1 (medium band; OH Stretching characteristic of hydroxyl
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Figure 2. FTIR spectra of bacterial cellulose nanocomposites.
bonding in cellulose structure due to Iα crystalline phase), 2896 cm−1 (C-H stretching vibration of alkane and asymmetric CH2 stretching), 2853 cm−1 (CH2 symmetric stretching), 1732 cm−1 (stretching vibration of saturated aliphatic aldehyde carbonyl of BC), 1640 cm−1 (bending mode of absorbed water), 1428 cm−1 (CH2 or O-H in plane bending), 1373 cm−1 (C-H bending), 1340 cm−1 (OH in-plane bending), 1237 cm−1 (O-H bending), 1203 cm−1 (C-O-H in plane bending at C-6), 1163 cm−1(strong band; antisymmetric bridge C-O-C strentching), 1110 cm−1 (strong band; antisymmetric in-phase ring stretching), 1065 cm−1 (strong band; skeletal vibrations involving C-O stretching at C-3), 1035 cm−1 (strong band; skeletal vibrations involving C-O stretching at C-6), 1015 cm−1 (medium band; skeletal vibrations involving C-O stretching), 897 cm−1 (b-glucosidic linkages between the glucose units) and 748 cm−1 (OH stretching characteristic of hydroxyl bonding in cellulose structure due to Iα crystalline phase) [23] - [26] .
It can be observed from Figures 2(a)-(c), the transmittance intensity is different of bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose nanocomposites, which means the exposed groups are interacting with bacterial cellulose components. Similar OH stretching (at 2900 cm−1) can be observed in bacterial cellulose/hyaluronic nanocomposites (BC/HA) and chondroitin 4-sulfate nanocomposites (BC/CS), mainly because of the NH2 interaction with hydroxyl groups (Figures 2(a)-(c)). Besides, changes can be observed in the symmetrical stretching of CH2 bonds of bacterial cellulose structures at the absorption peak of 1640 cm−1. Another absorption peak was obtained in the range of 1490 cm−1 on both samples, which shows the presence of a carbonyl group in the bacterial cellulose together with bonds corresponding to those of glycoside, including C-O-C at 1162 cm−1 (as in the case of natural cellulose) [23] - [26] . These results clearly show one possible interaction between bacterial cellulose and chondroitin 4-sulfate/hyaluronic acid, mainly by hydrogen interactions between hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.
3.2. TGA
In order to analyze thermal behavior for bionanocomposites are characterized typical weight loss versus temperature plots. The TG spectrum (Figure 3) shows a weak loss of weight due to the evaporation of water (at temp. 85 celsius) and also quick drop in weight at a temperature of approx. 300 celsius is mainly attributed to thermal depolymerization of cellulose and the cleavage of glycosidic linkages of cellulose [27] [28] , complete degradation of cellulose take place between 275 and 400 celsius [29] [30] .
All system has similar thermal behavior in bacterial cellulose showed significant alterations. A carbonaceous residue was similar in BC membranes, around 0% at 600 celsius, however sample with hyaluronic acid has little differences in thermal behavior than tested others mainly because there is higher hydrogen bond between bacterial cellulose groups (hydroxyl) and hyaluronic acid (acetyl) which changes bacterial cellulose fibers formation and thermal properties (Figure 4).
3.3. In Vivo Analysis
Patient enter in Hospital on 12/10/2014 under supervision of Dr. Saqer Al Mualla Consultant Head of Plastic Surgeons Dept’ and Dr. Raed Farahat Plastic Surgeon Specialist, the case planed for skin graft after getting good clean granulation tissue. It was performed immediate intervention with antibiotics and clinical protocols for this disease. In 12/15/2014, started treatment with Bacterial cellulose membranes (Nanoskin®), one membrane of Nanoskin applied to the wound after removal of all air bubbles under dry gauze used as secondary dressing and light pressure bandage over (Figure 5).
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Figure 3. TGA thermogram of bacterial cellulose/chon- droitin 4-sulfate nanocomposites samples.
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Figure 4. TGA thermogram of bacterial cellulose/hyaluronic acid nanocomposites samples.
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Figure 5. Bacterial cellulose (Nanoskin®) uses like biological wound dressing.
After using the Bacterial cellulose material in alternate days, it can be observed a recovery of the edge and bottom of the wound, however, after 1st week the wound was better and with necrotic, so, debridement was done and applied Nanoskin (Figure 6).
After, in 2nd week, wound getting better with minimal exudate and better wound bed. The edge looks health and normal health margin, healthy granulation tissue and no odor and decrease the size of wound bed (Figure 7).
The simple application of dressing, only required the association of saline, gauze and bandage, decrease patient stay and operating room use, resulting in a better cost-benefit. All wounds gets better with Nanoskin® dressing, dramatic changes was noted after application of Nanoskin® dressing, patient rarely complain of pain. Healing happened by normal health tissue with less fibrous tissue, normal skin and no pigmentation, besides fast epithelization was observed. The wound healed in 19 days, then the wound coming better even Ring of the hand healed completely after 5 weeks (Figure 8).
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Figure 6. Wound healing evolution in 1weeks with bacterial cellulose (Nanoskin®).
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Figure 7. Wound healing evolution in 2 weeks with bacterial cellulose (Nanoskin®).
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Figure 8. Completed wound healing in 19 days with bacterial cellulose (Nanoskin®).
4. Conclusions
Bacterial cellulose (Nanoskin®) was successfully modified by changing the fermentation medium as shown by FTIR and TGA, which produced suitable scaffolds for use in surface morphology applications with promising cell viability/attachment. Nanoskin Natural extracellular matrix (ECMs) perform the tasks necessary for tissue formation, maintenance, regulation and function, providing a powerful means of controlling the biological performance of regenerative materials. However, understanding how cells interact with these to assemble their own ECM and how the scaffolds can be used to control delivery of signals in a temporal and spatial manner to guide or maintain cell differentiations need future investigation. But, undoubtedly, natural-origin polymers or nature- inspired materials appear as the natural and desired choice for medical applications.
In conclusion, Bacterial cellulose membrane (Nanoskin®) applies to the protective surface and sutures, in exudate lesions, promoting the healing process with no rejection body, besides decreasing recovery time and the treatment cost.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.