CT Brain in Children: Evaluation of the Clinical and Radiological Findings ()
Received 5 January 2016; accepted 4 March 2016; published 8 March 2016
1. Introduction
The uses of computed tomography (CT) scan have seen increased in children in contemporary times. CT has brought significant changes in the diagnosis of diseases. Since the advert of CT into clinical practice in 1973 [1] , there has been an exponential increase in the number of CT scanners and the frequency of CT examinations [2] [3] . A major drawback of CT is the use of ionizing radiation and consequently, the risks of radiation-induced side effects [4] [5] . Of these side effects, the induction of cancer is the most important. This is especially true in children because rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive to radiation, the tissues of children are up to 10 times more radiosensitive than those of adults [6] .
The King Abdul Aziz University Hospital (KAUH) is one such health institution and foundation where the health service and education is provided for patient, students, physician and trainees to obtain what they need. For literature searching, in the UK, in 2008, according to the latest multi-center survey, CT has grown in frequency from 5% to 11% compared with 10 years earlier. Despite this relatively low frequency of examinations, compared to radiography and fluoroscopy, CT is the growing and dominant contributor to the total collective effective dose from X-ray examinations being responsible for around 68% of the total collective dose, compared to 40% in 1998, while the percentage contribution from radiographic and fluoroscopic examinations has nearly halved [7] . CT is frequently used in children to look for clinically-important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI) [8] [9] . There is a body of research showing the potential deleterious effects of medical radiation exposure to children, especially radiation to the brain [10] [11] . Multiple clinical decision rules were developed to attempt to identify children at low risk for intracranial injury following blunt head trauma as a way to avoid unnecessary radiation [12] [13] . Yet, the indications for CT in these children remained controversial [10] [14] [15] .
American College of Radiology “ACR Appropriateness Criteria”, and the referral guidelines of The Royal College of Radiologists help the clinician (and radiologist) in deciding which imaging modality is the best for specific indications [16] [17] .
A recent study on June 6, 2012 showed radiation exposure from two or three head CT scans in childhood giving a cumulative dose of around 60 mGy can triple the risk of developing brain cancer, while five to 10 such scans (cumulative dose around 50 mGy) may triple the risk of developing leukemia, according to a major study published online June 7 in Lancet [18] .
This is an exploration to understand the request form of the brain CT of children in the diagnostic radiology department, KAUH, Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical diagnosis of brain CT and CT findings.
2. Materials and Methods
The current study is a retrospective was done after ethical approval was obtained of the Chairman of ethics and research committee in the KAUH.
CT brain reports of 417 brains CT in the diagnostic radiology department in the KAUH, between 1 January and 31 December 2012, were scanned and followed CT protocol taken through this study by the use of 128 Somatom CT machine as described in Table 1.
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Table 1. Protocols of CT brain examination.
417 children formed the sample of the study, of which 222 were male and 195 female. The inclusion criterion for the study was to be a part of the diagnostic radiology department in the KAUH. The children were divided in 4 different age groups (less than 1, 1 - 5, 6 - 10, 11 - 15 years old). Frequency were used to describe the general and presenting characteristics in the children and among those who received brain CT scans, divided by three locations were include: first for Emergency, the second for Inpatient, and the third for Outpatient. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was performed. There were no other inclusion/exclusion criteria laid out for the study. The data obtained was validated for completeness and consistency and analysed quantitatively using the statistical package SPSS and Microsoft Excel.P value was considered to be significant if it was <0.05 and the results were gathered to look at the trends that emerged from the data with regard to the radiology electronic recording system. The results of the study are presented in the form of tables as included later in the study.
3. Results
The vast majority of pediatrics scanned with CT was male 222 (53.2%) while females were 195 (46.8%). Also study shows the the highest percentage was in the age of 1 - 5 years old (33.2%) (Table 2). Apart from these demographic data, the focus of the study was primarily the trends related to the CT brain findings which were positive or negative regarding to the clinical diagnosis. It was found out from the data gathered that majority of brain CT findings did not confirm the clinical diagnosis through departments of emergency, inpatient and out patient 106 (68.4%), 98 (53.6%) and 39 (49.4%) respectively Table 3. Statistically significant differences were found for brain CT P value 0.005. This indicates that more than the half of the CT findings for brain did not confirm the reasons for exam, although, this clinical diagnosis might be reasonable for request brain CT. The most common clinical diagnosis (reason of exam) among 417 brain CT were 90 (21.58%) Trauma/Cerebrovas- cular Accident (CVA) for brain (Table 4).
Statistically significant differences were found for brain CT. This indicates that more than the half of the CT findings for brain not confirmed the reasons for exam. Thus, the results indicate that a significant variable in the decision to order CT brain for children in the diagnostic radiology department in KAUH. The most common clinical diagnosis (reason of exam) among 417 brains CT was 90 (21.58%) Trauma/Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) for brain Table 4.
4. Discussion
The study indicated towards the trends of imaging of the brain by CT for children in the diagnostic radiology
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Table 2. The sex and age groups distribution between 417 children.
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Table 4. Clinical diagnosis (reason of exam) for CT-Brain.
department, KAUH. The results of the study can be seen as similar to what have been reported in similar studies by other researchers. Previous studies related to the derivation and validation of clinical decision rules have shown a 3% - 62% rate of CT scanning, [13] [19] [20] a 1.2% - 8.3% rate of ciTBI [12] [13] [19] [21] .
Patients in these studies were primarily seen in academic and pediatric EDs with more significant mechanisms of injury [12] [15] [21] [22] . The PECARN study had a 35% rate of CT use and 0.9% ciTBI rate [23] .
As reported in this study 68.4% of brain CT findings did not confirm the clinical diagnosis in the emergency department. An earlier study led by Kuppermann and published by the Lancet in (2009) developed and validated a traumatic brain injury prediction rule to identify children at low risk for clinically important head injuries who probably do not require CT evaluation [24] . The current study also revealed that 21.58% of the indications of brain CT were head trauma; this is also in agreement with Hajo Zeeb (2012) in his study in Germany demonstrated the most frequent indications for a CT examination in children were trauma [25] . Related to the Triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in children recently the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Issued(January 2014) an important clinical guideline 176 rather to pediatricians to read and follow it carefully before ordering any CT examinations to the children [26] . Our study has some limitations, because this was a retrospective cohort study and the smaller sample size in patients made it difficult to assess the variables associated with CT use in children. To sum up, brain CT scans in children dramatically increased to confirm or negate the clinical diagnosis.
5. Conclusion
This study emphasizes that brain CT utilization must be associated with justification for scan in children. It is important that pediatricians should not order brain CT unless it is indispensable. It is no doubt true that health professionals work together to minimize the radiation dose to children. But it is recommended that it is very important for pediatricians, radiologist and x-ray technologist to put their minds on the three unique considerations in children: Children are considerably more sensitive to radiation than adults, as demonstrated in epidemiologic studies of exposed populations; children have a longer life expectancy than adults, resulting in a larger window of opportunity for expressing radiation damage and children may receive a higher radiation dose than necessary if CT settings are not adjusted for their smaller body size [27] .