Experimental Data for Study on the Shielding Effect of Electromagnetic Wave ()
1. Introduction
It’s well known that the electromagnetic waves are generated by the alternating current (AC) due to the electromagnetic induction [1]. An electromagnetic wave consists of the mutual perpendicular electric and magnetic fields simultaneously. Figure 1 shows schematic description of the electromagnetic wave, where E is the electric field vector, H is the magnetic field vector, P is the integrated electromagnetic field vector, and λ is wave length of the electromagnetic wave.
Since 1831 M. Faraday developed the electromagnetism and J. C. Maxwell derived the Maxwell’s equations in 1875 show the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. In recent years, the electro-communication and the electrical appliance are widely used in the world, which causes serious problem of the electromagnetic interference (EMI). The electromagnetic waves emitted by the daily electrical equipments are called “low frequency electromagnetic waves”, their frequencies are normally defined as 30 - 300 Hz. The sources of low frequency electromagnetic wave can be e.g. AC conducting wire, cell phone, computer, microwave, television, and so on. The EMI often makes electrical devices out of order, i.e. error of the signal, the sound, the image, etc.
EMI on electronic devices is already known, but the same research on the biological bodies is very few due to its too short observation time. The most scientists believe that the electromagnetic radiation will hurt the bodies for a long exposure time and warn people to avoid long exposure time on the extraordinary strong electromagnetic field. The up to now understood injury by EMI on the bodies are the heating damage, the body balance destroy, and the accumulation effect. The extraordinary strong electromagnetic field inside the body will cause the water molecules to be heated while the water occupies ca. 70% of the body. Moreover, the steady situation of the body will be destroyed by the extraordinary strong electromagnetic field. In addition, the accumulation of several weak electromagnetic influences will also hurt the body.
Due to the extreme dependence on the daily electrical equipments today, people can not live without electromagnetic field. Shielding of the electromagnetic radiation is the most simple, direct, and available way to protect the EMI for reducing the surrounding quantity of
Figure 1. Schematic description of the electromagnetic wave.
electromagnetic radiation, which has been studied in many literatures [2-10]. The principle of the electromagnetic radiation shielding is to reduce the electromagnetic energy through the absorption or reflection of the materials. According to this reason, this work offers some significant experimental data for research on the shielding effect to protect the low frequency electromagnetic radiation, which is normally produced by the transformer. The applied physical principles are the skin effect and the magnetic protection effect. The skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current to distribute itself within a conductor so that the current density near the surface of the conductor is greater than that at its core. That is, the electric current tends to flow at the “skin” of the conductor. The skin effect causes the effective resistance of the conductor to increase with the frequency of the current. The magnetic protection effect occurs on the material including iron for protection of the alternating magnetic waves [11]. The research will use the cutting off technique to protect the electromagnetic radiation. The technique will consider type and thickness of the protecting material for measurement and analysis of transmission ratio to select the best protecting material.
2. Basic Theory
The electromagnetic waves are generally generated by the alternating current (AC) in terms of the Faraday’s induction law and the Ampère’s circuital law. The Faraday’s induction law indicates that a time-varying magnetic field will have an electric field associated with it as shown in Equation (1). Moreover, the Ampère’s circuital law illustrates that a time-varying electric field will be accompanied by a magnetic field as shown in Equation (2) [12]. That is, the electric and magnetic waves always exist simultaneously.
, (1)
(2)
where E and B are the electric and magnetic fields; 
and 
are differential path and traversing area of the electric and magnetic fields;
, J, and 
are permeability, current density, and electric permittivity respectively.
In principle, a conductor can stop electromagnetic wave to penetrate in terms of the skin effect. The skin effect illustrates that the electric charges within the conductor are gathered on the surface while an electromagnetic wave is propagating into it. That is, the largest current density appears at skin of the conductor and is rapidly decreased with depth of the conductor. The average depth is called as the skin depth which strongly depends on frequency of the incident electromagnetic wave. In general, the larger the frequency of the incident electromagnetic wave, the smaller the skin depth. The common relationship is
, (3)
where d and 
are distances of current to surface and skin depth; J and 
are current density and surface current density in the conductor respectively. In normal cases the skin depth is well approximated as
(4)
where 
is resistivity of the conductor; 
is angular frequency (
) and frequency (
) of current;
, 
, and 
are individually absolute, free space, and relative magnetic permeability of the conductor. Figure 2 shows damping curves of electric and magnetic waves for the electromagnetic wave in the conductor [11]. Figure 2 clearly indicates that the electromagnetic wave is rapidly damped with depth in the conductor as the near hyperbolic curves.
The shielding effect of electromagnetic wave normally
Figure 2. Damping curves of electric and magnetic waves for the electro-magnetic wave in the conductor [11].
uses shielding materials to reduce penetration of the electromagnetic wave. In general, the skin depth in the conductor does not only depend on frequency of the incident electromagnetic wave, but also be influenced by the shielding materials. Table 1 shows some common conductive materials in corresponding to frequency of the incident electromagnetic wave and its skin depth respectively [11].
3. Experimental Setup
Experimental setup is to measure the decay rate and the transmission ratio of the electromagnetic wave using various shielding materials with the major constituent iron (Fe) in the form of plate. The studied parameters are different thicknesses and gaps of the plate. The triaxial extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field meter (TES-1394) from TES Electrical Electronic Corp. with ± 3% measuring error and 30 Hz ~ 2 kHz measuring bandwidth of frequencies is used for detecting the magnetic field intensity. Table 2 exhibits the applied shielding materials and their measuring conditions, where the gap is the distance between two plates and its corresponding plate thickness is 1 mm.
The experimental setup consists of three different integrations, the plate thickness, the plate gap, and the magnetic loop effect, to study influence of the shielding materials. Measurements are focused on the decay rate and the transmission ratio of the electromagnetic wave. The transmission ratio is defined as ratio of the penetrated magnetic field intensity and the magnetic field intensity with protection at the same position.
(1)
Figure 3 shows graphical descriptions for measuring the decay rate and the transmission ratio with various materials and different thicknesses, where Figure 3(a) shows schema of the experimental setup and Figure 3(b) is the photo. To reduce the measuring error from the side electromagnetic field, the 50 cm × 50 cm relatively large plates are used.
The left side in Figure 3(b) shows the working water pump, which was used as the emission source. The right side is the TES-1394 magnetic field meter, which was put on the opposite positions from the shielding plate. Measurements with various shielding materials simply change the intercalary plate. The decay rate measurements moved the TES-1394 magnetic field meter far away from the plate in comparison with the emission source moving far away from the plate. The performed distances were from 0 to 100 cm with moving step of 5 cm.
Table 1. Some common conductive materials in corresponding to frequ-ency of the incident electromagnetic wave and its skin depth respectively [11].
Table 2. Shielding plates with plate area of 50 cm × 50 cm and their meas-uring conditions.
Figure 4 shows graphical descriptions for measuring the decay rate and the transmission ratio with various materials as well as different plate gaps, where Figure 4(a) shows schema of the experimental setup and Figure 4(b) is the photo. The plates with 1 mm thickness were used for measuring and discussing influence of the plate gaps as well as the measured plate gaps are 0, 3, and 5 cm (see Table 2).
Influence of the loop effect for transmission ratio of magnetic field inside the materials is also considered in this work. Figure 5 shows photo of the experimental setup for measuring the loop effect. Figure 5 shows that a closed circle square plate box with L × W × H = 50 cm × 50 cm × 50 cm is built with galvanized iron. The emission source of the water pump was put into the box and moved the outside TES-1394 magnetic field meter far away from the box for measuring.
4. Results and Discussion
Experimental results and discussion are focused on the decay rate and the transmission ratio of magnetic field intensity using different shielding materials. Figure 6 shows relationship between the penetrated electromagnetic field intensity and the measured distances with
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. Graphical descriptions for measuring the decay rate and the transmission ratio with the various materials and different thicknesses. (a) Schema of the experimental setup; (b) Photo of the experimental setup.
various shielding materials, where all plate thicknesses are 1 mm. Figure 6 clearly indicates that the shielding effect of iron plate is better than galvanized iron and Ni-Cr stainless steel plates. The decay distance of the magnetic field intensity in Figure 6 for the four curves with ca. the same value of 30 cm, which shows good agreement with the theory [11]. The decay distance of the magnetic field intensity is independent on the magnetic field intensity.
Figure 7 further shows relationship between the penetrated magnetic field intensity and the measured distances with different plate thicknesses of the iron. The applied plate thicknesses are 1, 2, and 5 mm. Figure 7 exhibits that the larger the thickness of shielding plate, the better the protection of the electromagnetic field intensity. The decay distances of the three curves are ca. the same value of 30 cm.
Figure 8 shows comparison of the galvanized iron and the iron protection. The result exhibits that protection using the iron plate is better than the galvanized iron plate.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4. Graphical descriptions for measuring the decay rate and the transmission ratio with various materials as well as different plate gaps. (a) Schema of the experimental setup; (b) Photo of the experimental setup.
Figure 5. Photo of the experimental setup for measuring the magnetic field loop effect.
Figure 9 shows relationship between the transmission ratio and the measured distances using the iron plates. The applied plate thicknesses are 1, 2, and 5 mm. The result shows that the transmission ratio is proportional to the measured distance. In comparison with results of the