Comparison of the Effect of Vermicompost and Inorganic Fertilizers on Vegetative Growth and Fruit Production of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ()
1. Introduction
Application of chemical fertilizers in the crop field contributes greatly to the deterioration of the environment, loss of soil fertility, less agricultural productivity and soil degradation [1] . The price of chemical fertilizers is very high and sometimes it is not available in the market as well for which the farmers sometimes fail to apply these fertilizers to the crop field in time. Compare to inorganic fertilizer, organic manure is readily available to the farmers and the price is also low [2] . In addition to that, application of manure may reduce the environmental pollution that is caused while manufacturing the chemical fertilizers in the industry [3] .
It is a well known fact that organic fertilizers supply nutrients to the plants in adequate amount for optimum growth of plant and may increase the uptake of nutrients, assimilation capacity and the hormonal activity [4] [5] . Cow manure vermicompost could be used as an excellent soil amendment for main fields and nursery beds and has been reported to be useful in raising nursery species plants [6] . Vermicomposting means the use of earthworms for composting organic residues. Earthworms can eat as much as their own body weight per day. It is estimated that 1000 tons of moist organic manure can be converted into 300 tons of compost by earthworms [7] . Vermicompost could release nutrients slowly and steadily into the system and enables the plants to absorb these nutrients over time [8] . Edwards [9] reported that vermicompost could promote early and vigorous growth of seedlings. Vermicompost has been found to effectively enhance the root formation, elongation of stem and production of biomass, vegetables, ornamental plants, etc. [5] [10] - [14] . More available plant nutrients and microbial metabolites may be released into the growth media because earthworms may stimulate microbial activities and metabolism and also influence microbial populations [15] . Edwards and Burrows [16] reported that animal waste vermicomposts usually contained more nutrient elements than chemical plant growth media and composts released nutrients gradually in available forms that could be readily taken up by the plants.
The objective of the present study was to compare the response of different doses of cow manure vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and fruits of tomato plant.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Growth Experiment
A greenhouse pot experiment was carried out in the Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, using a sandy loam surface soil (0 - 15 cm). Soil sample was air dried and passed through a 4-mm sieve for using the soil in the pots for plant growth experiment. A sub sample was air dried and passed through a 2-mm sieve and stored for laboratory analysis, Soil pH of 5.07 was measured at 1:2.5 soil to water ratio, organic carbon of 0.93% was measured by Walkley and Black [17] and CEC of 4.01 cmol kg−1 was measured with 1 M NH4OAc extraction [18] . The percentages of sand (73%), silt (13%) and clay (14%) were measured by hydrometer method [19] . The vermicompost used in this research was resulted from processing on the cow manure with the help of Eisenia fetida worms. The pH of vermicompost was of 8.23. Five rates of vermicompost equivalent to 0 (control), 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha−1 and three rates of NPK fertilizers equivalent to 50% (N-P-K = 69-16-35 kg ha−1), 100% (N-P-K = 137-32-70 kg ha−1) and 200% (N-P-K = 274-64-140 kg ha−1) were applied separately in each pot containing four (4) kg soil. The pots were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications.
Twenty one (21) days old and uniform seedlings of tomato (Solanumly copersicum L.) having 2-3 leaves were transplanted to each pot. Water was applied to each pot regularly up to the field capacity. The height (cm) and number of leaves of the plants were recorded at 15 days intervals after transplanting (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAT). The number of fruit(s) were counted and weighed after harvesting. The plants were harvested at 75 DAT and separated into shoots and roots. The roots were cleaned carefully to remove adhering soil particles. The shoots and roots were air dried for several days and oven dried at 65˚C for 72 hours and dry weights were recorded.
2.2. Statistical Analysis
Microsoft Excel and Minitab program [20] were used for analysis of variance (ANOVA).
3. Results
Application of different rates of vermicompost (5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha−1) and NPK fertilizer (50%, 100% and 200%) in tomato plant significantly (P < 0.05) affected the growth and development of plants, number of fruits and mean fresh weight of fruit and yield during the study period of 75 days.
3.1 Effect of Vermicompost and NPK Fertilizer on Growth Parameters of Tomato
3.1.1. Shoot Length
From 15 to 75 DAT, the plant height ranged from 11.0 to 32.0 cm in 5 t ha−1 and 13.33 to 52.67 cm in 20 t ha−1 of vermicompost. Whereas, at the same DAT, the plant height ranged from 12.0 to 24.33 cm in 50% and 14.67 to 39.67 cm in 200% of NPK fertilizer and from 10.33 to 16.33 cm in control treatment (Figure 1(a)). Significant increase were observed among different treatments for shoot length (F = 70.41, P < 0.001) during different growth intervals. At harvest, application of highest rate of vermicompost (20 t ha−1) and NPK fertilizer (200%) showed an increase of 36.34 cm and 23.34 cm of shoot length respectively, as compared to control. Vermicompost dose of 20 t ha−1 resulted in maximum plant height of 52.67 cm.
3.1.2. Number of Leaves
The number of leaves from 15 to 75 DAT ranged from 21 to 44 in 5 t ha−1 and 20 to 104 in 20 t ha−1 of vermicompost. Whereas, at the same DAT, the number of leaves ranged from 17 to 51 in 50% and 26 to 74 in 200% of NPK fertilizer and from 14 to 20 in control treatment (Figure 1(b)). The effect of application of vermicompost and NPK fertilizer was significant (F = 60.99, P < 0.001) on the number of leaves among different treatments. At harvest, application of highest rate of vermicompost (20 t∙ha−1) and NPK fertilizer (200%) showed an increase of 84 (4 folds) and 54 (3 folds) of leaves per plant respectively, as compared to control.
3.2. Effect of Different Doses of Vermicompost and NPK Fertilizer on Yield Parameters of Tomato
3.2.1. Dry Shoot Weight
Dry shoot weight ranged from 1.40 g in 5 t ha−1 to 4.25 g in 20 t ha−1 of vermicompost and 0.99 g in 50% to 2.90 g in 200% of NPK fertilizer treated pots respectively, and in control it was 0.08 g (Figure 2(a)). There is a significant increase in dry shoot weight (F = 135, P < 0.001) among the treatments and the highest rate of vermicompost (20 t ha−1) and NPK fertilizer (200%) resulted an increase in dry shoot weight in respective treatments by 4.17 g (52 folds) and 2.82 g (35 folds) as compared to control. However, vermicompost application at the rate of 15 t ha−1 showed better results (3.61 g) than the highest rate (200%) of NPK fertilizer. The results of 5 and 10 t ha−1 of vermicompost were comparable with the results of 50% and 100% of NPK fertilizer treatments, respectively (Figure 2(a)).
3.2.2. Dry Root Weight
Dry root weight ranged from 0.91 g in 5 t ha−1 to 3.44 g in 20 t ha−1 of vermicompost and 0.76 g in 50% to 2.43 g in 200% of NPK fertilizer treated pots respectively, and in control it was 0.03 g (Figure 2(a)). There is a significant increase in dry root weight (F = 582, P = 0.000) among the treatments and the highest rate of vermicompost (20 t ha−1) and NPK fertilizer (200%) resulted an increase in dry root weight in respective treatments by 3.41 g (115 folds) and 2.40 g (80 folds) as compared to control. However, vermicompost application at the rate of 15 t ha−1 showed better results (2.85 g) than that of the highest rate of NPK fertilizer (200%). The results obtained from the rate of 5 and 10 t ha−1 of vermicompost showed no significant difference (P < 0.05) with that of the results obtained from the rates of 50% and 100% of NPK fertilizer, respectively (Figure 2(b)).
3.3. Effect of Different Doses of Vermicompost and NPK Fertilizer on Quantity of Fruit of Tomato
3.3.1. Number of Fruit(s)/Plant
The numbers of fruit(s)/plant were ranged from 2 in 5 t ha−1 to 7 in t ha−1 of vermicompost and 1 in 50% to 4 in 200% of NPK fertilizer treated pots respectively, and in control it was 1 g (Figure 3(a)). Rates of vermicompost and NPK application has resulted in significant increase (F = 20, P < 0.001) in number of fruit(s)/plant and the increase in the highest rate of vermicompost (20 t ha−1) and NPK fertilizer (200%) treatments was of 6 (6 folds) and 4 (4 folds) fruit(s)/plant as compared to control.
3.3.2. Mean Fresh Fruit Weight
Mean fresh fruit weight ranged from 7.9 g in 5 t ha−1 to 40 g in 20 t ha−1 of vermicompost and 6.1 g in 50% to 25 g
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Figure 1. Application of vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer on growth parameters of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) (mean ± standard error).
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Figure 2. Application of vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer on dry shoot and root weight of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) (mean ± standard error).
in 200% of NPK fertilizer treated pots respectively, and in control it was 1.34 g (Figure 3(b)). There is a significant increase in mean fresh fruit weight (F = 74, P < 0.001) among the treatments and the highest rate of vermicompost (20 t ha−1) and NPK fertilizer (200%) resulted an increase in mean fresh fruit weight in respective treatments by 39 g (29 folds) and 24 g (18 folds) as compared to control treatment.
4. Discussion
The results of this experiment showed that the treatments of vermicompost and NPK fertilizer significantly increased the production of tomato in pots.
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Figure 3. Application of vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer on number of fruit/plant and mean fresh fruit weight of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) (mean ± standard error).
Plant growth parameters such as shoot length, number of leaves, shoot and root dry weights, number of fruits and fresh fruit weight were better in vermicompost treated pots than the NPK fertilizer treated pots. Among the vermicompost rates, the 20 t ha−1 showed the highest response in tomato plants. The differential response of plants to different doses of vermicompost may be due to release of variable amount of available nutrients and growth- promoting substances [4] [5] . Our results corroborate with the findings of other investigators [4] [21] [22] . They [4] [21] [22] reported significant increase in growth parameters of plants after application of vermicompost in the growth media. Scientists of different agricultural fields agreed that plant growth and development are strictly dependent on biological fertility factors. Earthworms may stimulate microbial activities and metabolism and also influence microbial populations. As a consequence, more available nutrients and microbial metabolites are released into the soil [15] .
Moreover, in terms of plant growth and soil health, vermicompost plays an important role in improving soil texture, aeration, soil compaction and thus enhances more water and nutrients uptake by plants from their surrounding areas of root zone. There is much evidence that the activity of earthworms accelerates organic matter mineralization, decomposition of polysaccharides, increase the humus in the soil, and oppositely reduce the availability of toxic heavy elements to plants [23] . Macronutrients play important role in crop yield based on their role in activation of enzymes for chlorophyll synthesis, growth, fruit ripening and maintenance of the plant’s enzyme system [24] . Therefore, the use of vermicompost constitutes an important alternative source of fertilizer that has environmental benefits, productivity and crop quality as well as compared to inorganic fertilizer.
5. Conclusion
From our results, it can be concluded that cow manure vermicompost application to soil increased growth parameters and fruit numbers of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) over the inorganic fertilizer (NPK fertilizer) and hence could be useful for different crops production instead of inorganic fertilizers. The use of cow manure vermicompost could be a better option and farmers need to be educated about the importance of vermicomposting. More field trials with different crops need to be conducted in the future.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their warm gratitude to the Research and Planning Division of Chittagong University, Bangladesh, for providing fund through the University Grants Commission of Bangladesh (UGC) to conduct this research.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.