The Role of Soluble, Insoluble Fibers and Their Bioactive Compounds in Cancer: A Mini Review

Abstract

The cancer incidence has risen dramatically over the last decades. About 8 million people died globally according to latest reports, which represented almost 40% more than it was 20 years ago. Risk factors for the development of cancer have been found to include smoking, alcohol, drugs, obesity and diet. Fiber intake has shown to exhibit chemoprotective effects on cancer proliferation and metastasis that may seem to be very promising. This article will review the role of different types of fiber such as, cellulose, lignin, pectin and inulin in development and prevention of different types of cancers. This article would also discuss the effectiveness of both types of fiber in cancer prevention.

Share and Cite:

Papandreou, D. , Noor, Z. and Rashed, M. (2015) The Role of Soluble, Insoluble Fibers and Their Bioactive Compounds in Cancer: A Mini Review. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6, 1-11. doi: 10.4236/fns.2015.61001.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., et al. (2012) Global and Regional Mortality from 235 Causes of Death for 20 Age Groups in 1990 and 2010: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 380, 2095-2128.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
[2] Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M.M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E. and Forman, D. (2011) Global Cancer Statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 61, 69-90.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107
[3] Siegel, R., Ma, J., Zou, Z. and Jemal, A. (2014) Cancer Statistics, 2014. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 64, 9-29.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21208
[4] Orang-Ojong, B.B., Munyangaju, J.E., Wei, M.S., Lin, M., Wei, F.G., Foukuang, C. and Zhu, Y. (2013) Impact of Natural Resources and Research on Cancer Treatment and Prevention: A Perspective from Cameroon. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 1, 610-620.
[5] Zaridze, D., Lifanova, Y., Maximovitch, D., Day, N.E. and Duffy, S.W. (1991) Diet, Alcohol Consumption and Reproductive Factors in a Case-Control Study of Breast Cancer in Moscow. International Journal of Cancer, 48, 493-501.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910480404
[6] Sandoval, J. and Esteller, M. (2012) Cancer Epigenomics: Beyond Genomics. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 22, 50-55.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2012.02.008
[7] Nystrom, M. and Mutanen, M. (2009) Diet and Epigenetics in Colon Cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 15, 257-263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.257
[8] Bannister, A.J. and Kouzarides, T. (2011) Regulation of Chromatin by Histone Modifications. Cell Research, 21, 381395.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2011.22
[9] Murrell, A., Hurd, P.J. and Wood, I.C. (2013) Epigenetic Mechanism in Development and Disease. Biochemical Society Transactions, 41, 697-699.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST20130051
[10] Buas, M.F. and Vaughan, T.L. (2013) Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Gastroesophageal Junction Tumors: Understanding the Rising Incidence of This Disease. Seminars in Radiation Oncology, 23, 3-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2012.09.008
[11] Geier, M.S., Butler, R.N. and Howarth, G.S. (2006) Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics: A Role in Chemoprevention for Colorectal Cancer? Cancer Biology and Therapy, 5, 1265-1269.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.5.10.3296
[12] Hutter, C.M., Chang-Claude, J., Slattery, M., Pflugeisen, B.M., Lin, Y., Dugan, D., et al. (2012) Characterization of Gene-Environment Interactions for Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility Loci. Cancer Research, 72, 2036-2044.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-4067
[13] Figueiredo, J.C., Hsu, L., Hutter, C.M., Lin, Y., Campbell, P.T., Baron, J.A., et al. (2014) Genome-Wide Diet-Gene Interaction Analyses for Risk of Colorectal Cancer. PLoS Genetics, 10, e1004228.
[14] Park, J.H., Wacholder, S., Gail, M.H., Peters, U., Jacobs, K.B., Chanock, S.J. and Chatterjee, N. (2010) Estimation of Effect Size Distribution from Genome-Wide Association Studies and Implications for Future Discoveries. Nature Genetics, 42, 570-575.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.610
[15] Subramaniam, D., Thombre, R., Dhar, A. and Anant, S. (2014) DNA Methyltransferases: A Novel Target for Prevention and Therapy. Frontiers in Oncology, 4, 80.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2014.00080
[16] Alexander, D.D. and Cushing, C.A. (2011) Red Meat and Colorectal Cancer: A Critical Summary of Prospective Epidemiologic Studies. Obesity Reviews, 12, e472-e493.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00785.x
[17] Figueiredo, J.C., Lewinger, J.P., Song, C., Campbell, P.T., Conti, D.V., Edlund, C.K., et al. (2011) Genotype-Environment Interactions in Microsatellite Stable/Microsatellite Instability-Low Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Genome-Wide Association Study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 20, 758-766.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0675
[18] Koushik, A., Hunter, D.J., Spiegelman, D., Beeson, W.L., van dan Brandt, P.A., Buring, J.E., et al. (2007) Fruits, Vegetables, and Colon Risk in a Pooled Analysis of 14 Cohort Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 99, 14711483.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm155
[19] National Research Council (2005) Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). The National Academies Press, Washington DC.
[20] Slavin, J.L. (1987) Dietary Fiber: Classification, Chemical Analyses, and Food Sources. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 87, 1164-1171.
[21] Burkitt, D.P. and Trowell, H.C. (1976) Refined Carbohydrate Foods and Disease—Some Implications of Dietary Fibre. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 52, 476.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.52.609.476-c
[22] Bravi, F., Scotti, L., Bosetti, C., Bertuccio, P., Negri, E. and La Vecchia, C. (2009) Dietary Fiber and Stomach Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study from Italy. Cancer Causes and Control, 20, 847-853.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-009-9309-z
[23] Galeone, C., Pelucchi, C., Talamini, R., Negri, E., Montella, M., Ramazzotti, V., et al. (2007) Fibre Intake and Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case-Control Study from Italy. International Journal of Cancer, 121, 1869-1872.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22913
[24] Li, H.Q., Diao, Y.T., Li, H., Zhou, Y.Z., Yang, Y.F., Fang, X.Q., Wang, Y., Wu, K., Zhao, D.L., Zhou, R.X. and Lei, F.H. (2007) The Risk Factors Related to Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer in Feicheng County, China. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41, 56-61.
[25] Pelucchi, C., Talamini, R., Galeone, C., Negri, E., Franceschi, S., Dal Maso, L., et al. (2004) Fibre Intake and Prostate Cancer Risk. International Journal of Cancer, 109, 278-280.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11688
[26] Pelucchi, C., Talamini, R., Levi, F., Bosetti, C., La Vecchia, C., Negri, E., Parpinel, M. and Franceschi, S. (2003) Fibre Intake and Laryngeal Cancer Risk. Annals of Oncology, 14, 162-167.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdg032
[27] Soler, M., Bosetti, C., Franceschi, S., Negri, E., Zambon, P., Talamini, R., Conti, E. and La Vecchia, C. (2001) Fiber Intake and the Risk of Oral, Pharyngeal and Esophageal Cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 91, 283-287.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1047>3.0.CO;2-I
[28] Otles, S. and Ozgoz, S. (2014) Health Effects of Dietary Fiber. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Technologia Alimentaria, 13, 191-202.
[29] Papas, M.A., Giovannucci, E. and Platz, E.A. (2004) Fiber from Fruit and Colorectal Neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 13, 1267-1270.
[30] Vanamala, J., Glagolenko, A., Yang, P., Carroll, R.J., Murphy, M.E., Newman, R.A., et al. (2008) Dietary Fish Oil and Pectin Enhance Colonocyte Apoptosis in Part through Suppression of PPARδ/PGE2 and Elevation of PGE3. Carcinogenesis, 29, 790-796.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgm256
[31] Spurling, C.C., Suhl, J.A., Boucher, N., Nelson, C.E., Rosenberg, D.W. and Giardina, C. (2008) The Short Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Induces Promoter Demethylation and Reactivation of RARβ2 in Colon Cancer Cells. Nutrition and Cancer, 60, 692-702.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635580802008278
[32] Bidoli, E., Pelucchi, C., Polesel, J., Negri, E., Barzan, L., Franchin, G., Franceschi, S., Serraino, D., De Paoli, P., La Vecchia, C. and Talamini, R. (2013) Fiber Intake and Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Case-Control Study. Nutrition and Cancer, 65, 1157-1163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.828088
[33] Daniel, C.R., Park, Y., Chow, W.H., Graubard, B.I., Hollenbeck, A.R. and Sinha, R. (2013) Intake of Fiber and FiberRich Plant Foods Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Large US Cohort. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97, 1036-1043.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.045351
[34] Goodman, M.T., Wilkens, L.R., Hankin, J.H., Lyu, L.C., Wu, A.H. and Kolonel, L.N. (1997) Association of Soy and Fiber Consumption with the Risk of Endometrial Cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 146, 294-306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009270
[35] Jacobs, L.R. (1986) Relationship between Dietary Fiber and Cancer: Metabolic, Physiologic, and Cellular Mechanisms. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 183, 299-310.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-183-42423
[36] Jacobs, L.R. (1986) Modification of Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis by Dietary Fibers. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 206, 105-118.
[37] Madar, Z., Gurevich, P., Ben-Hur, H., Ben-Arie, A., Berman, V., Sandler, B., et al. (1998) Effects of Dietary Fiber on the Rat Intestinal Mucosa Exposed to Low Doses of a Carcinogen. Anticancer Research, 18, 3521-3526.
[38] Goncalves, P. and Martel, F. (2013) Butyrate and Colorectal Cancer: The Role of Butyrate Transport. Current Drug Metabolism, 14, 994-1008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200211314090006
[39] Kritchevsky, D. (1997) Dietary Fibre and Cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 6, 435-441.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199710000-00004
[40] Cappellani, A., Zanghi, A., Di Vita, M., Cavallaro, A., Piccolo, G., Veroux, P., et al. (2013) Strong Correlation between Diet and Development of Colorectal Cancer. Frontiers in Bioscience, 18, 190-198.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/4095
[41] Ferguson, L.R., Roberton, A.M., Watson, M.E., Kestell, P. and Harris, P.J. (1993) The Adsorption of a Range of Dietary Carcinogens by α-Cellulose, a Model Insoluble Dietary Fiber. Mutation Research, 319, 257-266.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(93)90013-4
[42] Kaczmarczyk, M.M., Miller, M.J. and Freund, G.G. (2012) The Health Benefits of Dietary Fiber: Beyond the Usual Suspects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease and Colon Cancer. Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental, 61, 1058-1066.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2012.01.017
[43] Fiorucci, S., Cipriani, S., Mencarelli, A., Renga, B., Distrutti, E. and Baldelli, F. (2010) Counter-Regulatory Role of Bile Acid Activated Receptors in Immunity and Inflammation. Current Molecular Medicine, 10, 579-595.
[44] Floch, M.H., Wolfman, M. and Doyle, R. (1980) Fiber and Gastrointestinal Microecology. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 2, 175-184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-198006000-00014
[45] Kay, R.M. (1982) Dietary Fiber. Journal of Lipid Research, 23, 221-242.
[46] Cheah, P.Y. and Bernstein, H. (1990) Colon Cancer and Dietary Fiber: Cellulose Inhibits the DNA-Damaging Ability of Bile Acids. Nutrition and Cancer, 13, 51-57.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635589009514044
[47] Ajouz, H., Mukherji, D. and Shamseddine, A. (2014) Secondary Bile Acids: An Underrecognized Cause of Colon Cancer. World Journal of Surgical Oncology, 12, 164.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-12-164
[48] Hofmann, A.F. and Rods, A.A. (1984) Physicochemical Properties of Bile Acids and Their Relationship to Biological Properties: An Overview of the Problem. Journal of Lipid Research, 25, 1477-1489.
[49] Degirolamo, C., Modica, S., Palasciano, G. and Moschetta, A. (2011) Bile Acids and Colon Cancer: Solving the Puzzle with Nuclear Receptors. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 17, 564-572.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2011.05.010
[50] Sloan, D.A., Fleiszer, D.M., Richards, G.K., Murray, D. and Brown, R.A. (1993) The Effect of the Fiber Components Cellulose and Lignin on Experimental Colon Neoplasia. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 52, 77-82.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.2930520204
[51] Pelucchi, C., La Vecchia, C., Chatenoud, L., Negri, E., Conti, E., Montella, M., Calza, S., Dal Maso, L. and Franceschi, S. (2001) Dietary Fibres and Ovarian Cancer Risk. European Journal of Cancer, 37, 2235-2239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(01)00291-X
[52] La Vecchia, C., Ferraroni, M., Franceschi, S., Mezzetti, M., Decarli, A. and Negri, E. (1997) Fibers and Breast Cancer Risk. Nutrition and Cancer, 28, 264-269.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635589709514586
[53] Lee, S., Monnappa, A.K. and Mitchell, R.J. (2012) Biological Activities of Lignin Hydrolysate-Related Compounds. BMB Reports, 45, 265-274.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2012.45.5.265
[54] Lu, F.J., Chu, L.H. and Gau, R.J. (1998) Free Radical-Scavenging Properties of Lignin. Nutrition and Cancer, 30, 3138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635589809514637
[55] Ferguson, L.R. and Harris, P.J. (1996) Studies on the Role of Specific Dietary Fibres in Protection against Colorectal Cancer. Mutation Research, 350, 173-184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(95)00105-0
[56] Freeman, H.J. (1979) Dietary Fibre and Colonic Neoplasia. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 121, 291-296.
[57] McPherson-Kay, R. (1987) Fiber, Stool Bulk, and Bile Acid Output: Implications for Colon Cancer Risk. Preventive Medicine, 16, 540-544.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(87)90069-7
[58] Adlercreutz, H. (1990) Western Diet and Western Diseases: Some Hormonal and Biochemical Mechanisms and Associations. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. Supplementum, 50, 3-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365519009085798
[59] Reddy, B.S., Maeura, Y. and Wayman, M. (1983) Effect of Dietary Corn Bran and Autohydrolyzed Lignin on 3,2’Dimethyl-4-Aminobiphenyl-Induced Intestinal Carcinogenesis in Male F344 Rats. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 71, 419-423.
[60] Adlercreutz, H., Honjo, H., Higashi, A., Fotsis, T., Hamalainen, E., Hasegawa, T. and Okada, H. (1991) Urinary Excretion of Lignans and Isoflavonoid Phytoestrogens in Japanese Men and Women Consuming a Traditional Japanese Diet. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54, 1093-1100.
[61] Buck, K., Zaineddin, A.K., Vrieling, A., Heinz, J., Linseisen, J., Flesch-Janys, D. and Chang-Claude, J. (2011) Estimated Enterolignans, Lignan-Rich Foods, and Fibre in Relation to Survival after Postmenopausal Breast Cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 105, 1151-1157.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2011.374
[62] Saarinen, N.M., Warri, A., Airio, M., Smeds, A. and Makela, S. (2007) Role of Dietary Lignans in the Reduction of Breast Cancer Risk. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 51, 857-866.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200600240
[63] Adlercreutz, H., Mousavi, Y., Clark, J., Hockerstedt, K., Hamalainen, E., Wahala, K., Makela, T. and Hase, T. (1992) Dietary Phytoestrogens and Cancer: In Vitro and in Vivo Studies. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41, 331-337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-0760(92)90359-Q
[64] Horn-Ross, P.L., Hoggatt, K.J. and Lee, M.M. (2002) Phytoestrogens and Thyroid Cancer Risk: The San Francisco Bay Area Thyroid Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 11, 43-49.
[65] Leclere, L., Custem, P.V. and Michiels, C. (2013) Anti-Cancer Activities of pHor Heat-Modified Pectin. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4, 128.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00128
[66] Barry, K.A., Wojcicki, B.J., Middelbos, I.S., Vester, B.M., Swanson, K.S. and Fahey Jr., G.C. (2010) Dietary Cellulose, Fructooligosaccharides, and Pectin Modify Fecal Protein Catabolites and Microbial Populations in Adult Cats. Journal of Animal Science, 88, 2978-2987.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2464
[67] Attari, F., Sephehri, H., Delphi, L. and Golliaei, B. (2009) Apoptotic and Necrotic Effects of Pectic Acid on Rat Pituitary GH3/B6 Tumor Cells. Iranian Biomedical Journal, 13, 229-236.
[68] Cho, Y., Turner, N.D., Davidson, L.A., Chapkin, R.S., Carroll, R.J. and Lupton, J.R. (2012) A Chemoprotective Fish Oil/Pectin Diet Enhances Apoptosis via Bcl-2 Promoter Methylation in Rat Azoxymethane-Induced Carcinomas. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 237, 1387-1393.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2012.012244
[69] Hao, M., Yuan, X., Cheng, H., Xue, H., Zhang, T., Zhou, Y. and Tai, G. (2013) Comparative Studies on the Anti Tumor Activities of High Temperatureand pH-Modified Citrus Pectins. Food and Function, 4, 960-971.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3fo30350k
[70] Liu, Y., Colditz, G.A., Cotterchio, M., Boucher, B.A. and Kreiger, N. (2014) Adolescent Dietary Fiber, Vegetable Fat, Vegetable Protein, and Nut Intakes and Breast Cancer Risk. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 145, 461-470.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-014-2953-3
[71] Hsu, D.K., Chen, H.Y. and Liu, F.T. (2009) Galectin-3 Regulates T-Cell Functions. Immunological Reviews, 230, 114127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00798.x
[72] Nagina-Makker, P., Hogan, V., Honjo, Y., Baccarini, S., Tait, L., Bresalier, R. and Raz, A. (2002) Inhibition of Human Cancer Cell Growth and Metastasis in Nude Mice by Oral Intake of Modified Citrus Pectin. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94, 1854-1862.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.24.1854
[73] Zeng, H. and Briske-Anderson, M. (2005) Prolonged Butyrate Treatment Inhibits the Migration and Invasion Potential of HT1080 Tumor Cells. Journal of Nutrition, 135, 291-295.
[74] Elangovan, S., Pathania, R., Ramchandran, S., Ananth, S., Padia, R.N., Lan, L., et al. (2014) The Niacin/Butyrate Receptor GPR109A Suppresses Mammary Tumorigenesis by Inhibiting Cell Survival. Cancer Research, 74, 1166-1178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1451
[75] Inohara, H. and Raz, A. (1994) Effects of Natural Complex Carbohydrate (Citrus Pectin) on Murine Melanoma Cell Properties Related to Galectin-3 Functions. Glycoconjugate Journal, 11, 527-532.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00731303
[76] Platt, D. and Raz, A. (1992) Modulation of the Lung Colonization of B16-F1 Melanoma Cells by Citrus Pectin. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 84, 438-442.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/84.6.438
[77] Hague, A., Elder, D.J., Hicks, D.J. and Paraskeva, C. (1995) Apoptosis in Colorectal Tumour Cells: Induction by the Short Chain Fatty Acids Butyrate, Propionate and Acetate and by the Bile Salt Deoxycholate. International Journal of Cancer, 60, 400-406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910600322
[78] Xiao, M., Liu, Y.G., Zou, M.C. and Zou, F. (2014) Sodium Butyrate Induces Apoptosis of Human Colon Cancer Cells by Modulating ERK and Sphingosine Kinase 2. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 27, 197-203.
[79] Hague, A., Manning, A.M., Hanlon, K.A., Huschtscha, L.I., Hart, D. and Paraskeva, C. (1993) Sodium Butyrate Induces Apoptosis in Human Colonic Tumour Cell Lines in a p53-Independent Pathway: Implications for the Possible Role of Dietary Fibre in the Prevention of Large-Bowel Cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 55, 498-505.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910550329
[80] Roberfroid, M.B. (2005) Introducing Inulin-Type Fructans. British Journal of Nutrition, 93, S13-S25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041350
[81] Pasqualetti, V., Altomare, A., Guarino, M.P., Locato, V., Cocca, S., Cimini, S., Palma, R., Alloni, R., De Gara, L. and Cicala, M. (2014) Antioxidant Activity of Inulin and Its Role in the Prevention of Human Colonic Muscle Cell Impairment Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Mucosal Exposure. PLoS ONE, 9, e98031.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098031
[82] Burns, A.J. and Rowland, I.R. (2000) Anti-Carcinogenicity of Probiotics and Prebiotics. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology, 1, 13-24.
[83] Taper, H.S. and Roberfroid, M.B. (2000) Inhibitory Effect of Dietary Inulin or Oligofructose on the Development of Cancer Metastases. Anticancer Research, 20, 4291-4294.

Copyright © 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.