A Case of Inflammatory Hepatocellular Adenoma Complicated by Steatohepatitis ()
1. Introduction
Development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been noted among patients with either chronic viral hepatitis after infection with hepatitis B or C virus or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the process of hepatocarcinogenesis with NAFLD is unclear. Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), which is often induced by long-term oral contraceptive usage, also sometimes progresses to cancer [1] -[7] . Recently, HCA has been classified into the following subgroups based on genotype and phenotype: 1) hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 1α inactivated type; 2) β-catenin activated type; 3) inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma (IHCA) and 4) unclassified type [2] [3] . Determining the presence or absence of liver fatty acid-binding protein (LFABP), glutamine synthetase (GS) and serum amyloid A (SAA) is essential for subgrouping of HCA. Among HCAs, IHCA develops in liver injured by inflammatory liver disease including steatohepatitis [2] [3] [8] . Although NAFLD is known to be associated with a higher risk of HCC development [9] -[15] , evidence of how such HCC arises remains lacking. In this case, we tried to clarify the characteristics of a space-occupying lesion (SOL) identified against a background of NAFLD from the perspective of phenotype.
2. Case Report
A 54-year-old man with no history of alcohol intake or cigarette smoking was being followed up by his local physician for hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and fatty liver. He had been treated with olmesartan, amlodipine, glimepride, femofibrate and voglibose. A recent ultrasonography (US) had disclosed the presence of a SOL 4 cm in diameter in the liver, and he was referred to our hospital for further examination of this lesion. On presentation, body mass index (BMI) was 31.2 kg/m2 and blood pressure was 162/83 mmHg. Laboratory data indicated slight dyslipidemia. Hemoglobin A1c level was 6.3%. Results from liver function testing were within normal limits. Levels of tumor markers, such as α-fetoprotein and des-γ-carboxyprothrombin, also known as protein induced by vitamin K absence/antagonist-II (PIVKA-II), were within normal limits. Negative results were obtained for hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibody (Table 1). Physical examination did not reveal the presence of any abnormalities, including hepatosplenomegaly.
Table 1. Laboratory data on admission.
For accurate diagnosis of the SOL, the following imaging techniques were applied. Magnetic resonance imaging was not performed due to the patient feeling claustrophobic.
2.1. Ultrasonography (US) (Figure 1)
The SOL was 41 × 38 mm in size and clearly demarcated from the surrounding tissue, in subsegment 6 of the right hepatic lobe. The lesion showed a mosaic pattern of iso-to hypointensity. Blood flow was identified on color Doppler US. In the background liver, US showed severe fatty liver.
2.2. Sonazoid-Enhanced US (Figure 2)
The margins of the SOL were stained in the vascular phase, although this staining disappeared rapidly. The SOL was thus assessed as being defective in the post-vascular phase.
2.3. Dynamic Computed Tomography (CT) (Figure 3)
Plain CT indicated a low-density SOL in subsegment 6 of the liver. In the early phase, soon after injection of the contrast medium, the SOL showed staining of the margins. This staining was maintained even in the late phase. The center of the SOL remained unstained.
2.4. Hepatic Angiography (Figures 4(a) and (b))
Hepatic arteriography showed the accumulation of contrast medium in the SOL. No marked irregularity of the vessels was apparent.
2.5. CTAP/CTHA (Figure 5)
CT during arterial portography (CTAP) showed iso-density with the SOL in segment 6. CT during hepatic arteriography (CTHA) showed staining of the margins of the SOL from the early phase maintained into the late phase.
2.6. FDG-PET/CT (Figure 6)
Accumulation of FDG was observed in the SOL, but at low intensity (maximum standardized uptake value, 1.69).
Figure 1. On ultrasonography (US), the SOL (arrow) was 41 × 38 mm in size and clearly demarcated from the surrounding tissue, in subsegment 6 of the right hepatic lobe. The lesion (arrow) showed a mosaic pattern of iso-to hypodensity. Blood flow was identified on color Doppler US.
Vascular phase Post-vascular phase
Figure 2. Sonazoid-enhanced US. The margins of the SOL (arrow) stained in the vascular phase, although staining disappeared rapidly. The SOL (arrow) was deemed to be defective in the post-vascular phase.
Early phase Late phase
Figure 3. Dynamic computed tomography (CT). The SOL (arrow) showed staining of the margins from the early phase maintained through to the late phase. The center of the SOL remained unstained.
Figure 4. Hepatic angiography demonstrated accumulation of contrast medium in the SOL (arrow). No marked irregularity of vessels was apparent.
Figure 6. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) demonstrated accumulation of FDG in the SOL (arrow), but at low intensity (maximum standardized uptake value, 1.69).
Since accurate diagnosis based on the results of imaging was difficult, tumor resection was recommended for histological confirmation of HCC. Resection was therefore performed after obtaining consent from the patient.
2.7. Resected Tumor (Figures 7(a)-(f))
The removed tumor was soft and solid, accompanied by hemorrhage. The tumor was not encapsulated by fibr-
(a) 
（b) 
(c) 
(d) 
(e) 
(f)
Figure 7. (a) The removed tumor was soft and solid, accompanied by hemorrhage. The tumor was not encapsulated in fibrous tissue; (b) Microscopic examination of the resected liver. Fat deposits and lymphocytic infiltration were seen in the resected liver specimen. However, no ballooning degeneration or Mallory-Denk bodies, indicative of NASH, were seen, 40´; (c) 40´ and (d) 100´ Histological examination revealed that the tumor consisted of hepatocytes with low-grade dysplasia in a trabecular arrangement. However, no mitosis or increased nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, which would have been indicative of HCC, was observed, while marked peliosis hepatis was apparent; (e) 40×; Glutamine synthetase (GS) and, (f) 100×; Serum amyloid A (SAA) Immunohistochemical studies for liver fatty acid-binding protein (LFABP), glutamine synthetase (GS), β-catenin, serum amyloid A (SAA) and glypican 3 were performed to clarify tumor characteristics. Tumor cells were found to be negative for β-catenin in the nucleus and for glypican 3, but positive for LFABP, GS and SAA. The histological findings and localization of SAA suggested inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma (IHCA) as the appropriate histological diagnosis.
40×, Glutamine synthetase (GS) 100×, Serum amyloid A (SAA)
ous tissue. Histological examination revealed that the tumor consisted of hepatocytes showing low-grade dysplasia in a trabecular arrangement. However, no mitosis or increased nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, indicative of HCC, was observed, and marked peliosis hepatis was apparent. Fat deposits and lymphocytic infiltration were seen in the background liver. However, no ballooning degeneration or Mallory-Denk bodies indicative of NASH were apparent in the background liver.
Immunohistochemical studies for LFABP, GS, β-catenin, SAA and glypican 3 were performed to clarify tumor characteristics. Tumor cells were found to be negative for β-catenin in the nucleus and for glypican 3, but positive for LFABP, GS and SAA. In particular, strong diffuse staining was seen for GS (immunohistochemistry was performed at Kurume University Hospital). Taken together, the histological findings and localization of SAA suggested IHCA as the most probable histological diagnosis.
3. Discussion
HCA is a benign tumor caused by the local growth of hepatocytes, and is often seen in young women on oral contraceptives [1] -[3] . According to recent reports from Europe, more than 90% of patients with HCA are women using oral contraception [3] [11] . In Japan, the frequency of HCA in women is not particularly high, presumably due to the limited use of oral contraceptives [6] . Despite the benign nature of the condition, a potential for malignant transformation of HCA has been suggested. For such malignant change, β-catenin mutation is of major interest and more aggressive management in cases showing such mutation may be needed due to the high risk of HCC developing [2] -[4] . In addition, Farges et al. examined cases over the last 15 years and reported that risk of HCC development among HCA is 10 times higher in men than in women [4] . In China, Lin et al. reported that HCA accompanied by persistent HBV infection and tumor more than 10 cm in diameter indicates an increased risk of HCC development [7] .
According to the World Health Organization classification of diseases of the digestive system [2] , HCA can be classified into four types according to phenotype [2] [3] [16] -[18] . The first is HNF 1α inactivated type (35% - 40%), which displays characteristic pathological features including marked steatosis or adenomatosis. The absence of LFABP expression is diagnostic for this subgroup. The second type is β-catenin activated type (10% - 15%), which is characterized by overexpression of GS and aberrant nuclear β-catenin staining. These lesions characteristically arise in men and are associated with a higher risk of HCC. The third type is IHCA (45% - 60%), defined by the presence of inflammatory cell infiltration, sinusoidal dilatation and thick-walled arteries. There is an overexpression of the inflammatory proteins SAA and C-reactive protein in tumor hepatocytes at both the mRNA and protein levels. The final type is unclassified type (5% - 10%), showing HCA without HNF 1α or β-catenin gene mutation and inflammatory protein expression. In the present case, localizations of L-FABP, GS, SAA, β-catenin and glypican 3 were studied immunohistochemically. The resected tumor was found to be positive for L-FABP, GS and SAA, but negative for β-catenin and glypican 3. Histological examination revealed fatty liver accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration and sinusoidal dilatation, as so-called peliosis hepatis, in the surrounding tissue, while the tumor showed mild hepatocellular atypia. Together, the histological and immunohistochemical findings indicated IHCA as the appropriate pathological diagnosis. IHCA is the most common subtype and accounts for about 45% - 60% of all HCAs. IHCA occurs most frequently in young women with a history of using contraceptive pills, as for HCA, and in obese patients. In addition, Sasaki et al. reported that IHCA was founded in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis [5] . However, the outcomes of IHCA are not fully understood. The present case revealed strong diffuse staining for GS. According to Bioulac-Sage et al., strong diffuse staining for GS provides convincing evidence of β-catenin mutation, which in turn may indicate an increased risk of HCC development [3] . β-catenin mutations are found in 20% - 34% of HCC, suggesting that β-catenin is one of the most frequently activated oncogenes in HCC [19] -[21] .
HCA is difficult to characterize on imaging, and can be difficult to differentiate from well-differentiated HCC, or sometimes from regenerative lesions such as focal nodular hyperplasia. Angiographic features of HCA include staining in the early phase that is maintained into the late phase [22] [23] . In the present case, staining of the lesion margins was maintained into the late phase, but the center was not stained due to internal hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the most informative imaging modality for classifying HCA, because findings such as fat, sinusoidal dilatation and necrotic or hemorrhagic components can be identified [24] . Katabathina et al. reported that IHCA, accompanied by marked sinusoidal dilatation and inflammatory cell infiltration, is prone to internal hemorrhage, hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging, intense and persistent contrast enhancement, and no signal drop-off when comparing inand out-of-phase images (a finding that indicates little change in the amount of intratumoral fat) [25] . Unfortunately, in the present case, MRI could not be performed because the patient felt claustrophobic within the machine, thus accurate diagnosis from imaging was difficult. To exclude the possibility of HCC, resection of the tumor was performed after obtaining informed consent from the patient.
In summary, although the risk of HCC development in patients with NAFLD has been noted recently [9] -[15] , how HCC develops in NAFLD patients remains unclear. In the present case of IHCA, a 41 ´ 38 mm SOL was detected in a liver showing NAFLD equal to steatohepatitis. A small number of reports of HCA with concomitant steatohepatitis have been described [26] [27] . In addition, some cases of HCC from metabolic syndrome are related to HCA [2] -[6] . In the present case, the patient was obese (BMI > 30), hypertensive, dyslipidemic, and had diabetes mellitus, suggesting features of metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, steatohepatitis was identified by pathologically. NAFLD is considered to be the liver component of metabolic syndrome [28] -[30] . This lesion with strong diffuse staining for GS suggesting β-catenin mutation against a background of metabolic disorder may indicate potential hepatocarcinogenesis from IHCA with concomitant steatohepatitis. From this perspective, many more cases of IHCA must be accumulated to allow phenotypic analysis of associations with malignant change.
This case was presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan, held in Tokyo from July 11-12, 2013.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.