Pulmonary rehabilitation outcome of exercise-induced oxygen desaturation in systemic sclerosis with interstitial lung disease ()
1. INTRODUCTION
Impaired exercise capacity in systemic sclerosis was suggested to occur due to multiple organ dysfunctions [1], and could be improved by training exercise [2]. Interstitial lung disease and cardiac diastolic disturbances in systemic sclerosis were reported to be factors relating to reduced exercise capacity and exercise-induced oxygen desaturation [3-7]. The benefit of exercise training was more pronounced in interstitial lung disease patients with poor exercise intolerance [8]; however, the effect of exercise training on exercise-induced oxygen desaturation has not been examined. A case report on a systemic sclerosis patient showed reduced hypoxia risk by long-term exercise training without improvements in exercise capacity [9]. This suggested that exercise training may possibly affect exercise intolerance and exercise-induced oxygen desaturation independently.
The purpose of this study was to investigate retrospectively the training outcomes of exercise capacity and exercise-induced oxygen desaturation in patients at the stable period of systemic sclerosis with interstitial lung disease. Subsequently, we examined outcomes in relation to cardiopulmonary parameters.
2. METHODS
2.1. Subjects and Methods
Ninety-four consecutive stable adult systemic sclerosis patients with interstitial lung disease transferred to the Division of Rehabilitation Medicine of our university hospital for the six-minute walk test (6MWT) between 2008 and 2011. Interstitial lung disease was diagnosed by clinical symptoms, high resolution CT and/or open lung biopsy. Exclusion criteria for 6MWT were foot pain with or without digit ulcers, back pain, severe cough, and muscle weakness to walk; therefore 75 of them underwent 6MWT. Forty-one patients showed exercise intolerance, ≤80% in 6MWT distance of predicted, and/or exercise-induced oxygen desaturation (≤−4% in SpO2) at the end of 6MWT. Twenty-five patients of them visited for single evaluation of 6MWT. Remained 16 patients (10 females and 6 males, mean age 55.4 ± 12.3 years) underwent exercise training five days a week under the supervision of a therapist as routine pulmonary rehabilitation treatment, setting the lowest SpO2 during exercise training as 90%. All of them could complete the walking exercise for 55 days on average. None had received pulmonary rehabilitation before that. Thirteen of them were diagnosed as diffuse cutaneous types and three were limited cutaneous types. Anti-topoisomerase-I antibodies were found in 10 patients, anti-RNAP antibodies in three, other autoantibodies in two, and one patient was negative.
The distance of 6MWT was calculated to a percent of the predicted value by the Enright formula [10] taking gender, age, height, and weight into consideration. SpO2 was monitored by a pulse oximeter with a sensor on the forehead to avoid evaluation errors by poor circulation on the fingertip [11]. SpO2 was above 96% without oxygen supplement at rest and a reduction in the percent of SpO2 at the end of 6MWT was defined as ΔSpO2 (ΔSpO2 = SpO2 at end of 6MWT-SpO2 at rest).
As for clinical parameters, we collected data of percent predicted of vital capacity (VC) and diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) from spirometry. Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), early diastolic filling peak velocity/late diastolic filling peak velocity ratio
, early diastolic filling peak velocity/early diastolic mitral annular velocity ratio
, and right ventricular systolic pressure estimated from tricuspid regurgitating velocity (RVsystP) were measured with echocardiography. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University and all patients gave their written informed consent to participate in the study.
2.2. Statistics
Simple linear regression between 6MWT distance or ΔSpO2 and clinical parameters was performed. The patients were classified into the amelioration and deterioration groups according to outcomes of ΔSpO2 after exercise training. The Student t-test was used to compare clinical parameters between the two groups of patients. Statistical analyses were performed with JMP8.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). In all analyses, P < 0.05 was taken to indicate significance.
3. RESULTS
Improvements in mean 6MWT distance were significant, from 467 m to 502 m (P = 0.0012) or from 82% to 88% of predicted (P = 0.0011) after exercise training, but one patient failed to elongate walking distance (Figure 1). A significant negative correlation between improvements in percent predicted of 6MWT distance and baseline 6MWT distances (P = 0.037) was shown (Table 1); however, there was no correlation between the improvements and baseline cardiopulmonary parameters.
Exercise-induced oxygen desaturation was resulted in amelioration or the same in seven patients and in deterioration in nine patients after exercise training (Figure 1). No difference was found in cardiopulmonary parameters and baseline status regarding 6MWT distance or ΔSpO2 between outcomes of exercise-induced oxygen desaturation (Table 2). Baseline ΔSpO2 was positively related to DLCO (R2 = 0.33, P = 0.026), but there was no correlated parameter with ΔSpO2 after exercise training (Table 3).
4. DISCUSSION
We demonstrated elongation of 6MWT distance after walking training and it was more beneficial to patients with a lower exercise capacity at baseline, whereas no cardiopulmonary parameters were related to the improvement in 6MWT distance. Improvements in exercise
Figure 1. Changes in outcomes of 6MWT distance and ΔSpO2 from baseline to post-training for all patients (n = 16). Fifteen patients improved their 6MWT distance. Arrows with solid lines represent ameliorations or no change in ΔSpO2 (n = 7), while arrows with broken lines represent deteriorations in ΔSpO2 (n = 9).
Table 1. Relationship between improvements in 6MWT distance and clinical parameters.
Table 2. Comparison of clinical parameters between outcomes of exercise-induced oxygen desaturation.
capacity by exercise training have been well documented in patients with systemic sclerosis [2]. In interstitial lung disease, it was also reported that age, gender, baseline forced vital capacity, baseline DLCO, smoking history, long-term oxygen therapy, and baseline Borg score were not predictors of the improvement in 6MWT distance, and impaired baseline 6MWT distance was the only significant predictor [8]. This implied that elongation of 6MWT distance after walking training would not be influenced by baseline cardiopulmonary function, but by
Table 3. Simple linear regression between exercise-induced oxygen desaturation and clinical parameters.
another factor such as muscle adaptation, which was one of the factors of exercise capacity [12].
Baseline ΔSpO2 was affected by DLCO. Previously, ΔSpO2 ≤ −4% during 6MWT was found to be related to age, dyspnea index, positive anti-Scl-70 autoantibody, and forced vital capacity < 80% of predicted in systemic sclerosis; however, DLCO was not examined [4]. As DLCO reflects oxygen perfusion through the alveolar wall, interstitial lung lesions affect this parameter to reduce SpO2 in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia [13]. Thus, reductions in DLCO likely induced oxygen desaturation during exercise in systemic sclerosis.
A relationship between ΔSpO2 and DLCO was not found after exercise training. Besides that, nine patients had more severe exercise-induced oxygen desaturation. This may be the result of an increase in oxygen consumption due to elongation of the walking distance. In contrast, an explanation for ameliorations in exerciseinduced oxygen desaturation should be discussed. Suitable increases in oxygen supply are necessary to compensate for increases in oxygen consumption, though patients received exercise training during the stable period of the disease and DLCO may not be expected to improve [14]. A previous study showing improvements in oxygen saturation after aerobic exercise speculated that this result was due to more efficient ventilatory mechanics, which led to better gaseous exchange [2]. As another possible explanation for oxygen saturation, cardiac function may have improved after exercise training.
Generally, 
and 
express left ventricular dilatation function, and 
is known to be reduced [15-17] and 
increased [18] in systemic sclerosis patients. Diastolic dysfunction was suggested to occur due to repeated focal ischemia leading to myocardial fibrosis in systemic sclerosis [19] and induced exercise intolerance [5]. Similarly, pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis has been reported in relation to exercise intolerance [3,20] and mortality [21] suggesting right ventricular diastolic dysfunction [22]. In this study, there was no difference between the ameliorated and deteriorated groups in baseline parameters from echocardiography. Whereas, cardiac parameters were not examined after exercise training, so closer examination regarding exercise-induced oxygen desaturation may be necessary in future studies.
Hypoxic states may be harmful for digit ulcers and myocardial ischemia due to microvascular lesions in systemic sclerosis [19,23]. We set the lowest SpO2 during exercise training as 90%, so exercise was consequently directed to be interval training. Hence, patients spend their daily lives walking continuously for more than six minutes, which suggested that they were easily getting into hypoxic states even after exercise training. An indication of exercise training should be considered to avoid the risk of exercise-induced oxygen desaturation independently of improvements in exercise capacity. Arterial blood gas analysis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis also reported no significant change in reduced PaO2 at rest after a rehabilitation program [14]. Thus, it still remains difficult to distinguish parameters concerning the training outcome of induced oxygen desaturation in advance of rehabilitation intervention.
In conclusion, the effectiveness of exercise training on exercise-induced oxygen desaturation was not found in more than half of patients with systemic sclerosis despite improvements in exercise capacity. Even though some patients showed improvements in both walk distance and ΔSpO2, the mechanism of amelioration in exercise-induced oxygen desaturation should be proven in the future.