Campus Mobility for the Future: The Electric Bicycle
I. V. McLoughlin, I. K. Narendra, L. H. Koh, Q. H. Nguyen, B. Seshadri, W. Zeng, C. Yao
DOI: 10.4236/jtts.2012.21001   PDF    HTML     13,709 Downloads   24,386 Views   Citations

Abstract

Sustainable and practical personal mobility solutions for campus environments have traditionally revolved around the use of bicycles, or provision of pedestrian facilities. However many campus environments also experience traffic congestion, parking difficulties and pollution from fossil-fuelled vehicles. It appears that pedal power alone has not been sufficient to supplant the use of petrol and diesel vehicles to date, and therefore it is opportune to investigate both the reasons behind the continual use of environmentally unfriendly transport, and consider potential solutions. This paper presents the results from a year-long study into electric bicycle effectiveness for a large tropical campus, identifying barriers to bicycle use that can be overcome through the availability of public use electric bicycles.

Share and Cite:

I. McLoughlin, I. Narendra, L. Koh, Q. Nguyen, B. Seshadri, W. Zeng and C. Yao, "Campus Mobility for the Future: The Electric Bicycle," Journal of Transportation Technologies, Vol. 2 No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-12. doi: 10.4236/jtts.2012.21001.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] C. J. L. Balsas, “Sustainable Transportation Planning on College Campuses,” Transport Policy, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2003, pp. 35-49. doi:10.1016/S0967-070X(02)00028-8
[2] W. Toor, “Transportation & Sustainable Campus Commu- nities: Issues, Examples, Solutions,” Island Press, Wash- ington DC, 2004.
[3] J. Rouwendal, “An Economic Analysis of Fuel Use per Kilometre by Private Cars,” Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1996, pp. 3-14.
[4] J. Gardner, “Electrohydraulic/Air Bike,” US Patent No. 4942936, 1990.
[5] J. Rehkemper and D. Combs, “Flywheel Powered Bicycle with an Articulated Rider,” US Patent No. 6517408, 2003.
[6] J. J. Hwang, D. Y. Wang, N. C. Shih, D. Y. Lai and C. K. Chen, “Development of Fuel-Cell-Powered Electric Bicycle,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 133, No. 2, 2004, pp. 223-228. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.02.004
[7] S. I. Brand, N. Ertugrul, W. L. Soong, “Investigation of an Electric Assisted Bicycle and Determination of Per- formance Characteristics,” Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Christchurch, 28 September-1 October 2003, pp. 1-6.
[8] R. B. Noland and H. Kunreuther, “Short-Run and Long-Run Policies for Increasing Bicycle Transportation for Daily Commuter Trips,” Transport Policy, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1995, pp. 67-79.
[9] A. C. Nelson and D. Allen, “If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them: Association between Bicycle Facilities and Bicycle Commuting,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 1578, 1997, pp. 9-83.
[10] B. S. Cleland, “Why Don’t People Walk and Cycle?” Central Laboratories Report, No. 528007.00, 2004. http://can.org.nz/system/files/Why+dont+people+walk+and+cycle.pdf
[11] H. Kloss, “City of Salzburg: Traffic Reduction,” Velo Secur conference, Salzberg, 1983.
[12] US Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Adminstration and Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “National Survey of Pedestrian & Bicyclist Attitudes and Behaviors: Highlights Report,” 2003.
[13] “Cincinnati Study,” Last accessed April 2011. http://www.urbancincy.com/2011/02/cincinnati-quickly-falls-behind-on-bicycle-transportation-goals/
[14] G. Davies, M. E. Halliday, M. Mayes and R. L. Pocock, “Attitudes to Cycling: A Qualitative Study and Conceptual Framework,” Transport Research Laboratory, TRL Report 266, 1997.
[15] A. Snelson, S. D. Lawson and B. Morris, “Cycling Moto- rists: How to Encourage Them,” Traffic Engineering and Control, Vol. 34, No. 11, 1993, pp. 555-559.
[16] British Automobile Association, “Cycling motorists: How to encourage them,” British Automobile Association Group Public Policy, Hampshire, 1993.
[17] J. Garrard, “Women and Cycling in Sydney Determinants and Deterrents: Results of Pilot Study,” Cycle Planning, 2001. http://www.cycle-helmets.com/women-cycling.pdf
[18] M. E. Jackson and E. O. Ruehr, “Let the People Be Heard: San Diego County Bicycle Use and Attitude Survey,” Transportation Research Record, 1998, Vol. 1636, pp. 8- 12. doi:10.3141/1636-02
[19] A. Nicholson and S. Kingham, “The University of Can- terbury Transport Strategy,” 26th Australasian Transport Research Forum, Wellington, October 2003, p. 16.
[20] J. A. Waller, “The dangers of the bicycle,” New England J. Med, Sept. 1971, 285, pp. 747-748. doi:10.1056/NEJM197109232851309
[21] P. Rietveld and V. Daniel, “Determinants of Bicycle Use: Do Municipal Policies Matter?” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 38, No. 7, 2004, pp. 531-550. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2004.05.003
[22] C. Cherry and R. Cervero, “Use Characteristics and Mode Choice Behavior of Electric Bike Users in China,” Trans- port Policy, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2007, pp. 247-257. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.02.005
[23] Wikipedia Electric Bicycle Laws Page, Last accessed April 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle_laws
[24] B. Kumar and H. Oman, “Power Control for Battery- Electric Bicycles,” National Aerospace and Electronics Conference (NAECON), Dayton, 24-28 May 1993, pp. 428-434.
[25] S. Pay and Y. Baghzouz, “Effectiveness of Battery-Super- capacitor Combination in Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Power Technology Conference, Bologna, 23-26 June 2003, p. 6.
[26] T. Wood and P. Milne, “Head Injuries to Pedal Cyclists and the Promotion of Helmet Use in Victoria, Australia,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1988, pp. 177-185. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(88)90002-4
[27] New South Wales Centre for Road Safety, “Power-Assis- ted Pedal Cycles: Proposal for a New AB Vehicle Definition,” May 2009.
[28] C. Outram, C. Ratti and A. Biderman, “The Copenhagen Wheel: An Innovative Electric Bicycle System That Har- nesses the Power of Real-Time Information and Crowd Sourcing,” Conference on Ecologic Vehicles & Renew- able Energies (EVER2010), Monaco, May 2010.
[29] C. T. Davies, “Influence of Skin Temperature on Sweat- ing and Aerobic Performance During Severe Work,” Jour- nal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 47, No. 4, 1979, pp. 770- 777.

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.