Evaluation of the Effect of Sigmoid-Shaped Interventricular Septum on Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Patients with Essential Hypertension by Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography ()
1. Introduction
Sigmoid-shaped interventricular septum (SIS) was first proposed by Goor et al. [1] in 1969. It refers to the local thickening and protruding to the left ventricular outflow tract at the base of the interventricular septum, resulting in the shape of S-shaped blood flow through the left ventricular outflow tract. The Framingham Heart Research Center showed that the total prevalence rate of SIS was 1.5%, compared with 17.8% of subjects aged 85 and older [2]. There is a close relationship between SIS and hypertension. In the observational study of SIS, the prevalence rate of hypertension is often between 55% and 85% [2] [3] [4]. So far, there is no consensus on the clinical significance of SIS [5]. It is not clear whether SIS affects left ventricular systolic function in patients with hypertension. As a non-invasive technique for quantitative evaluation of myocardial motion, two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) has no angle dependence and can accurately evaluate left ventricular myocardial motion function [6]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the left ventricular regional and global systolic function in hypertensive patients with SIS by 2D-STE, and to explore whether SIS affects the left ventricular systolic function in hypertensive patients.
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Subjects
Thirty patients with essential hypertension with SIS (SIS group) examined in the Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University from March to August 2019 were selected, including 17 males and 13 females, aged (64.43 ± 7.48) years. At the same time, 30 patients with essential hypertension without SIS (non-SIS group) matched with SIS group were selected as control group, including 16 males and 14 females, aged (60.67 ± 8.59) years. Inclusion criteria: with reference to the Chinese guidelines for the Prevention and treatment of Hypertension (revised in 2018) [7] : That is, without antihypertensive drugs, systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg. Previous history of hypertension, taking antihypertensive drugs, blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg, can also be diagnosed with hypertension. The SIS group also met the diagnostic criteria of SIS, according to the criteria of Framingham Cardiac Research Center: 1) Visual evaluation of basal segment hypertrophy of interventricular septum; 2) The thickness of basal segment of interventricular septum ≥ 1.4 cm; 3) The ratio of the basal segment of the ventricular septum to the middle segment of the interventricular septum was ≥ 1.3; and 4) There was no abnormal segmental motion and scar in the middle segment of the interventricular septum. The above four standards need to be met at the same time [2]. Exclusion criteria: secondary hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis, coronary heart disease and heart failure, valvular heart disease, non-sinus rhythm and two-dimensional ultrasound image quality were not clear. The blood pressure in both groups was ≤160/100 mmHg at the time of evaluation. This study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the first affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University. All the subjects signed informed consent forms.
2.2. Instruments and Methods
As shown in Figure 1, philips iE Elite color Doppler ultrasound diagnostic instrument, S5-1 phased array probe, frequency 1 - 5 MHz, and equipped with Q-LAB offline analysis software. All the subjects routinely took the left lying position and connected the ECG. The thickness of basal segment of interventricular septum (IVSBT), the middle segment of interventricular septum (IVSMT) and the thickness of left ventricular posterior wall (LVPWT) were measured at the end of diastole on parasternal left ventricular long axis section. On the apical five-chamber section, the internal diameter of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOTD) and the blood flow velocity of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOTV) were measured during systolic period. Measurement of left ventricular ejection
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Figure 1. Global and segmental left ventricular LS curves and bovine eye diagrams on apical three-chamber, four-chamber and two-chamber sections in non-SIS group and SIS group. (A): non-SIS group; (B): SIS group.
fraction (LVEF) by biplane Simpson. Adjust the frame rate of the instrument > 60 frames/s, collect the two-dimensional dynamic images of the standard left ventricular apical four-chamber, three-chamber and two-chamber sections for three consecutive cardiac cycles, store them and export them to the Q-LAB workstation for 2D-STE offline analysis. The longitudinal strain (LS) of the whole and each segment on the three-chamber, four-chamber and two-chamber section strain curves of the left ventricular apex were measured. After the analysis of the three sections, the software will automatically generate a bovine eye diagram showing each segment.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
The data were analyzed and processed by SPSS 19.0 statistical software package, and the measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (
± s). Independent sample t-test was used to compare with the two groups. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Clinical Data and Echocardiographic Parameters between Non-SIS Group and SIS Group
There was no significant difference in LVEF, LVPWT, LVOTV, Age, HR, SBP and DBP between the two groups (P > 0.05). The value of IVSBT, IVSMT and IVSBT/IVSMT in SIS group was higher than that in non-SIS group, while the value of LVOTD in SIS group was lower than that in non-SIS group. There was significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). See Table 1.
3.2. Comparison of Ultrasonic Two-Dimensional Spot Tracking Parameters between Non-SIS Group and SIS Group
As shown in Table 2, compared with the non-SIS group, the LS of the basal
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Table 1. Comparison of general data between non-SIS groups and SIS groups (
± s).
Note: Date are expressed as mean ± SD. SIS, sigmoid-shaped interventricular septum; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IVSBT, interventricular septal basal segment thickness; IVSMT, interventricular septal middle segment thickness; IVSBT/IVSMT, ratio of interventricular septal basal segment thickness to interventricular septal middle segment thickness; LVPWT, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVOTD, left ventricular outflow tract diameter; LVOTV, left ventricular outflow tract flow velocity.
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Table 2. Comparison of longitudinal strain parameters of left ventricular segments between non-SIS group and SIS group (%,
± s).
Note: Date are expressed as mean ± SD.
segment of the left ventricular anterior wall and the posterior wall of the left ventricle in the SIS group were significantly lower than those in the non-SIS group. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.000, 0.006, all P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in other left ventricular segments and global LS between SIS group and non-SIS group (P > 0. 05).
4. Discussion
In this study, the value of LS measured by 2D-STE was used to evaluate left ventricular regional and global systolic function of hypertensive patients with SIS, and to explore whether SIS affects left ventricular systolic function in hypertensive patients. Through the study, it was found that under the condition of normal LVEF, 2D-STE could early detect the abnormality of left ventricular regional myocardial longitudinal systolic function. Compared with hypertensive patients without SIS, SIS affects left ventricular regional systolic function in hypertensive patients.
SIS is a special morphological feature of the local thickening process to the left ventricular outflow tract at the base of the interventricular septum. Previous studies have shown that SIS patients are generally found in echocardiography, mostly in the elderly, especially in patients with hypertension [2] [3] [4]. So far, there is no consensus on the clinical significance of SIS [5]. For a long time, many scholars believe that SIS is a special anatomical structure formed in the process of cardiac aging, which is usually asymptomatic and of little clinical significance [1] [2] [3]. In 2009, the Framingham Heart Research Center [2] found 52 cases of SIS among 3562 participants in the community. During a 15-year follow-up, it was found that SIS was not associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease or death, indicating that SIS was not associated with poor prognosis. However, some case reports [8] [9] [10] [11] suggested that left ventricular hypercontraction is likely to occur under exercise load or when taking positive inotropic drugs, or when they are in postprandial or postural changes. In this case, SIS may cause left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, resulting in exertional dyspnea or syncope and other clinical manifestations, resulting in cardiovascular adverse consequences. Therefore, these scholars believe that SIS is pathological and has important clinical significance.
Previous studies have shown that there is a close relationship between SIS and hypertension [2] [3] [4]. With the aging of the population in China, more and more SIS have been found, especially in patients with hypertension. Due to the special anatomical structure of SIS, the hearts of these hypertensive patients with SIS may need to overcome more peripheral vascular resistance, further increase the cardiac afterload, cause high load work, and may lead to left ventricular overcontraction. In this case, the protruding base of the interventricular septum comes into contact with the active mitral valve lobe, which narrows the outflow tract, where the blood flowed converges to produce high-speed blood flow, which together promotes the increase in the pressure difference in the left ventricular outflow tract. It may cause left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and corresponding clinical manifestations, resulting in cardiovascular adverse consequences. Therefore, it is particularly important to evaluate the left ventricular systolic function and take effective measures to prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular adverse events in hypertensive patients with SIS as soon as possible.
As a non-invasive technique for quantitative evaluation of myocardial motion, 2D-STE has no angle dependence and is less affected by cardiac load, so it can accurately evaluate left ventricular myocardial motion function [6]. Among them, left ventricular myocardial LS has high sensitivity in evaluating local and global systolic function in cardiac subclinical stage [12]. Therefore, in this study, 2D-STE was used to measure left ventricular LS in hypertensive patients with SIS to evaluate left ventricular regional and global systolic function.
In this study, the results of conventional ultrasound measurement showed that the LVEF values of the were (59.0 ± 1.41)% and (59.14 ± 2.59)% in non-SIS groups and SIS groups respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, the LVEF values of the two groups were in the normal range (50% - 70%), indicating that the left ventricular systolic function was normal in both groups when evaluating left ventricular systolic function by conventional LVEF. Compared with non-SIS group, the values of IVSBT, IVSMT and IVSBT/IVSMT increased in SIS group, especially in IVSBT. However, the measured value of LVOTD decreased. The difference was statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The results showed that in the SIS group, except for the obvious thickening of the base of the interventricular septum, the thickness of the other ventricular wall was approximately normal, and the decrease of the inner diameter of the left ventricular outflow tract suggested that it might be related to the occurrence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The results of two-dimensional spot tracking showed that the LS of the basal segment of the anterior and posterior wall of the left ventricle in the SIS group was significantly lower than that in the non-SIS group. The difference was statistically significant (all P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in other left ventricular segments and global LS between SIS group and non-SIS group (P > 0.05). That is, compared with the non-SIS group, the longitudinal deformation ability of the basal segment of the left ventricular anterior wall and the posterior wall of the left ventricle in the SIS group decreased, indicating that the left ventricular regional systolic function of the SIS group was decreased, which mainly occurred at the base of the interventricular septum. The reason may be related to the unique morphological characteristics of SIS.
5. Summary
In summary, compared with hypertensive patients without SIS, SIS affects the left ventricular regional systolic function in hypertensive patients, which mainly results in the decrease of myocardial longitudinal systolic function of the basal segment of interventricular septum. Therefore, SIS cannot be classified as a benign manifestation of cardiac aging. Under the condition of normal LVEF, the LS measured by 2D-STE can early evaluate the involvement of left ventricular regional systolic function. This is helpful for clinicians to evaluate hypertension patients with SIS as early as possible and take effective measures to control hypertension and its related risk factors, which has important clinical significance to prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular adverse events.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Department of Ultrasound of the first affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University for its experimental platform and technical support for this study.