The Successive Approximation Method for Solving Nonlinear Fredholm Integral Equation of the Second Kind Using Maple

Dalal Adnan Maturi

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA.

DOI: 10.4236/apm.2019.910040                

Abstract

In this paper, we will use the successive approximation method for solving Fredholm integral equation of the second kind using Maple18. By means of this method, an algorithm is successfully established for solving the non-linear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Finally, several examples are presented to illustrate the application of the algorithm and results appear that this method is very effective and convenient to solve these equations.

Keywords

Nonlinear Fredholm Integral Equation of the Second Kind, Successive Approximation Method, Maple18

1. Introduction

The current research intends to the successive approximation method for solving nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind using Maple18.

Homotopy perturbation technique in [1] . A coupling method of a homotopy technique and a perturbation technique [2] . Homotopy perturbation method: anew non-linear analytical technique [3] . Asymptotology by homotopy perturbation method [4] . Application of homotopy perturbation method to nonlinear wave equations [5] . Homotopy perturbation method for solving boundary value problems [6] . New interpretation of homotopy perturbation method [7] . Numerical Solution of Systems of Linear Volterra Integral Equations Using Block-Pulse Functions [8] . Numerical Analysis and Volterra Integral and Differential Equations [9] [10] . Biorthogonal Systems for Solving Volterra Integral equation Systems of the Second Kind [11] . Modified HPM for Solving Systems of Volterra Integral Equation of the Second Kind [12] . Analytical and Numerical Methods for Volterra Equations [13] . Numerical Computational Solution of the Linear Volterra Integral Equations System Via Rationalized Hear Functions [14] . Linear and Nonlinear Integral Equation: Methods and Application [15] . Optimal Control Approach for Solving Linear Volterra Integral Equations [16] . Numerical Solution of System of Two Nonlinear Volterra Integral Equations [17] [18] . Adomian Decomposition Method of Fredholm Integral Equation of the Second Kind Using Maple and applications in [19] [20] . Approximate solutions of linear Volterra integral equation systems with variable coeffi cients [21] . Numerical Solution of System of Three Nonlinear Volterra Integral Equation Using Implicit Trapezoidal [22] . Solving nth-Order Integro-Differential Equations Using the Combined Laplace Transfer-Successive Approximations Method [23] . Numerical approach based on Bernstein polynomials for solving mixed Volterra-Fredholm integral equations [24] . An inverse eigenproblem and an associated approximation problem for generalized reflexive and anti-reflexive matrices [25] . Discrete Adomian Decomposition solution of Nonlinear Fredholm Integral Equation [26] . He’s homotopy perturbation method: A strongly promising method for solving non-linear systems of the mixed Volterra-Fredholm integral equations [27] . On the convergence of Homotopy perturbation Method [28] . The homotopy perturbation method for solving neutral functional-differential equations with proportional delays [29] . Variational iteration method as a kernel constructive technique [30] . A modified homotopy perturbation method for solving the nonlinear mixed Volterra–Fredholm integral equation [31] . A note on the homotopy analysis method [32] . Application of homotopy analysis method to the solution of ninth order boundary value problems in AFTI-F16 fighters [33] . Modeling spectra of breaking waves propagating over beach [34] . Modified Adomian decomposition method for solving the problem of boundary layer convective heat transfer [35] . New version of Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method for the solution of nonlinear boundary value problems in finite and infinite intervals [36] .

Different types of analytical methods and numerical methods were used to solve the problem [1] - [36] . In this article we have applied the successive approximation method used by using the Maple algorithm by applying this algorithm to different examples, including finding the approximate solution and then comparing it to the exact solution and finding out the amount of error between the approximate solution and the exact solution.

The main objective of this work is to use the successive approximations method in solving the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind using Maple18.

The paper is arranged as follows: In Section 2, the successive approximations method. In Section 3, numerical examples are also considered to show the ability of the proposed method, and the conclusion is drawn in Section 4.

2. The Successive Approximation Method

The nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind

$u\left(x\right)=f\left(x\right)+\lambda {\displaystyle {\int }_a^{b}K\left(x,t\right)F\left(u\left(t\right)\right)\text{d}t}$ (1)

where $u\left(x\right)$ is the unknown function to be determined, $K\left(x,t\right)$ is the kernel, $F\left(u\left(t\right)\right)$ is a nonlinear function of $u\left(t\right)$ , and $\lambda$ is a parameter. $u_0\left(x\right)$ = any selective real valued function,

$u_{n+1}\left(x\right)=f\left(x\right)+\lambda {\displaystyle {\int }_a^{b}K\left(x,t\right)u_n\left(t\right)\text{d}t},n\ge 0.$ (2)

The question of convergence of $u_n\left(x\right)$ is justified by noting the following theorem

Theorem 1 see [16] If $f\left(x\right)$ in (1) is continuous for the interval $a\le x\le b$ and the kernel $K\left(x,t\right)$ is also continuous in the triangle $a\le x\le b$ , $a\le t\le b$ the sequence of successive approximations $u_n\left(x\right),n\ge 0$ converges to the solution $u\left(x\right)$ of the integral equation under discussion.

3. Numerical Examples

In this section, we solve some examples, and we can compare the numerical results with the exact solution.

Example 1. Consider the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind

$u\left(x\right)=\cos \left(x\right)-\frac{{\pi }^2}{48}+\frac{1}{12}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\pi }t{u}^2\left(t\right)\text{d}t},$ (3)

with the exact solution $u\left(x\right)=\cos \left(x\right)$ .

Example 2. Consider the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind

$u\left(x\right)=\ln x+\frac{143}{144}+\frac{1}{36}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{1}t{u}^2\left(t\right)\text{d}t},$ (4)

with the exact solution $u\left(x\right)=x+\ln x$ .

Table 1. Numerical results and exact solution of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind for example 1.

Figure 1. The exact and approximate solutions result of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind.

Table 2. Numerical results and exact solution of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind for example 2.

Figure 2. The exact and approximate solutions result of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind.

Example 3. Consider the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind

$u\left(x\right)=x{\text{e}}^x-\frac{1}{288}\left(3+{\text{e}}^2\right)x+\frac{1}{36}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{1}xt{u}^2\left(t\right)\text{d}t},$ (5)

with the exact solution $u\left(x\right)=x{\text{e}}^x$ .

Example 4. Consider the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind

$u\left(x\right)={\text{e}}^x+\frac{1}{144}\left(127-{\text{e}}^2\right)+\frac{1}{36}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{1}t\left(u+u^2\left(t\right)\right)\text{d}t},$ (6)

with the exact solution $u\left(x\right)=1+{\text{e}}^x$ .

Table 3. Numerical results and exact solution of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind for example 3.

Figure 3. The exact and approximate solutions result of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind.

Table 4. Numerical results and exact solution of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind for example 4.

Figure 4. The exact and approximate solutions result of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the Second kind.

Example 5. Consider the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind

$u\left(x\right)=\sin \left(x\right)-\frac{{\pi }^2}{64}+\frac{1}{48}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\pi }t\left(1+u^2\left(t\right)\right)\text{d}t},$ (7)

with the exact solution $u\left(x\right)=\sin \left(x\right)$ .

Example 6. Consider the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind

$u\left(x\right)=\sin \left(x\right)+1-\frac{\pi }{16}\left(1+\frac{5\pi }{12}\right)+\frac{1}{48}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\pi }t\left(u+u^2\left(t\right)\right)\text{d}t}$ (8)

Table 5. Numerical results and exact solution of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind for example 5.

Figure 5. The exact and approximate solutions result of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind.

Table 6. Numerical results and exact solution of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind for example 6.

with the exact solution $u\left(x\right)=1+\sin \left(x\right)$ .

Example 7. Consider the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind

$u\left(x\right)=\cos \left(x\right)+\frac{7}{6}-\frac{5{\pi }^2}{144}+\frac{1}{36}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\pi }t\left(u+u^2\left(t\right)\right)\text{d}t},$ (9)

with the exact solution $u\left(x\right)=1+\cos (x)$

Figure 6. The exact and approximate solutions result of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the Second kind.

Table 7. Numerical results and exact solution of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind for example 7.

Figure 7. The exact and approximate solutions result of Nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the Second kind.

4. Conclusion

In the paper, a successive approximations method is presented for solving the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind using Maple18. The benefit of our method lies in the fact that, for some nonlinear problems, our method is still convergent as illustrated by figures and tables showing match the right accuracy, which shows the exact solution with the approximate solution is largely identical and noticeable Tables 1-7 represent the exact and numerical results of the examples in this article. Figures 1-7 readily show the comparison of exact solution and approximate solution. We can see from the figures that the approximate solution is very applicable to the exact solution and application is displayed through some examples. Numerical results show that the accuracy of the solutions obtained is good.

Acknowledgements

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University. The author, therefore, acknowledges with thanks to DSR technical and financial support.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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