A Longitudinal Study of Clinical Benefits with Implementation of the Deep Inspiration Breath-Hold Technique in Post-Operative Radiotherapy for Left-Sided Breast Cancer ()
1. Introduction
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in the United States with 268,600 newly diagnosed breast cancer cases expected in 2019 [1] . Post-operative radiation therapy (RT) is an important adjuvant treatment modality for lowering cancer recurrence rate [2] [3] . For early-stage breast cancer patients that meet certain selection criteria, partial breast irradiation could be a feasible option with good treatment outcome [4] . For most patients, post-lumpectomy whole breast radiation or post-mastectomy chestwall irradiation, with or without irradiation of regional lymph nodes, is the current standard of care for lowering cancer recurrence rate [2] [5] .
Despite technological development in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) techniques using opposed tangential fields are still widely used. In post-operative external beam irradiation of the left-sided breast cancer patients, potential side effects include acute and chronic toxicities to the lung, ribs, heart, skin, as well as increased risks of radiation-induced secondary cancer occurrence in the thoracic region [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Heart and lung toxicities could lead to sever long-term morbidity and mortality [6] . Recent studies have shown that the risk of long-term ischemic heart diseases increases with increasing radiation dose to the heart [11] . Given good survival expectations for breast cancer patients, special attention should be paid to the heart and lung dose during post-operative irradiation to minimize long-term cardiovascular and pulmonary morbidity and mortality rates.
One method to reduce heart dose in post-operative irradiation of left-sided breast cancer patients is the deep-inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) technique, in which the patient takes a deep breath to elevate the chestwall from the heart. Most published studies on the DIBH technique performed pre-clinical dosimetric comparison with different treatment techniques with a limited number of cases [12] [13] [14] [15] . To evaluate clinically achievable benefits with the DIBH technique, we carried out this study to report our clinical experience with the DIBH technique based on large-scale longitudinal clinical data over a six-year period. The goals of this study are: 1) to evaluate clinically achievable reduction of heart dose with the implementation of the DIBH technique for post-operative left-sided breast cancer patients; 2) to estimate the reduction of ischemic heart disease risks with the DIBH technique; and 3) to evaluate dosimetric effect on the inflated left lung volume with the DIBH technique.
2. Methods and Materials
In 2013, our institution clinically implemented the DIBH technique in external beam RT of left-sided breast cancer patients. In this study, we retrospectively retrieved the following three groups of patients from the clinical database for comparison. The first two groups of patients did not receive external-beam RT to the internal mammary lymph nodes (IMN): Group A consists of patients who received post-operative external-beam RT to the left breast or chestwall with normal breathing in the three years prior to the clinical implementation of the DIBH technique, and Group B consists of patients who received post-operative external-beam RT to the left breast or chestwall using the DIBH technique in the three years after the clinical implementation of the DIBH technique. A treatment plan would be excluded from either Group A or Group B if the IMN was intentionally included as target in treatment planning. The third group of patients, Group C, consists of patients who received post-operative external-beam RT to the left breast or chestwall using the DIBH technique in the three years after the clinical implementation of the DIBH technique and whose treatment plans used widetangential photon fields to cover the IMN in addition to the left breast or chestwall. The list of candidate patients was first retrieved from the clinical database by using an in-house data mining software application. Then each treatment plan was reviewed individually for eligibility to be included in this study: a treatment plan would be excluded from this study if the heart or the left lung was not contoured at the time of treatment planning. At the end of the case selection process, 104 and 105 patients were included in Groups A and B respectively, and 22 patients were included in Group C. Table 1 lists characteristics of the three groups of patients.
All the patients in Group A were treated without using the DIBH technique. Before treatment planning, each patient received a three-dimensional planning CT simulation (3DCT) (Siemens AcQSim CT, Siemens AG, Munich, Germany) in a supine position. With the patient on the CT simulation couch, the radiation oncologist placed radiopaque wires to denote the borders of the intended treatment region in the superior, inferior, lateral, and medial directions. The patient was simulated with both arms stretched over the head, holding two handles on a wing board superior to the head. An incline board was placed under the patient so that the chestwall was approximately parallel to the CT couch. Skin marks were drawn on the patient to denote room laser incidence on the patient skin. The CT simulation was done in a helical mode, using a 3-mm slice thickness and spacing. During CT simulation as well as during treatments, patients were instructed to maintain shallow breaths. The CT simulation images were then transferred to a treatment planning system (TPS) (Eclipse, Varian Medical Systems,
Table 1. Characteristics of patients in each of the two patient groups used in this study.
The p-values are from unpaired t-tests between two patient groups. A − B: The p-value for t-test between Groups A and B; A − C: The p-value for t-test between Groups A and C. N/A: Not applicable.
Palo Alto, CA), where structures including the heart and the lungs were delineated. The heart contour included pericardium but not the great vessels.
All the patients in both Groups B and C were treated using the DIBH technique. During the CT simulation, the patient had the same setup position as those in Group A. The same type of wing board and incline board were used to position the patient on the CT couch. A respiratory motion motoring system (Real-time Positioning Management (RPM) system, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) was used during simulation to record the breath-hold magnitude. A respiratory marker block was placed on the skin of the abdominal area, inferior to the xiphoid process, to monitor the magnitude of respiratory motion. Right before initiation of the CT scan, the patient was asked to take a deep breath and hold the breath for some time, while a 3DCT was taken in the thoracic region in a helical scan mode (GE PET/CT Optima PET/CT, General Electric, Boston, MA). The breath-hold magnitude during the CT simulation was monitored by the RPM system and recorded in the patient chart to guide treatment. The CT simulation images were then transferred to a treatment planning system for delineation of structures including the heart and the lungs.
For each patient in this study, a two-field or three-field three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) plan was generated using 6-MV or 10-MV photon beams on medical linacs. In a two-field treatment plan, two opposed tangential photon beams were used to deliver radiation to the left breast or the left chestwall. In a three-field treatment plan, one anterior supraclavicular field was used in addition to two tangential fields, with the field isocenter at the inferior edge of the supraclavicular field and at the superior edges of the tangential fields. The prescribed dose was either 50 Gy in 25 fractions or 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions. To achieve adequate dose homogeneity in the target region, either wedges or the field-in-field technique was used for the tangential fields. For both Groups A and B patients, the primary goal in treatment planning was to cover the entire left chestwall or left breast while minimizing dose to the left lung and the heart as much as possible. For Group C patients, wide tangential fields were used to cover the IMN. In all the treatment plans, the anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) was used for dose calculations with heterogeneity correction.
On the first day of treatment, each patient in Group A was set up on the treatment couch by first aligning room lasers to the skin marks on the patient and then shifting the couch to move the isocenter to the intended location as in the treatment plan. Portal images were then taken and compared to planning digitally reconstructed radiotherapy (DRR) images to verify the patient position. Patients were asked to maintain shallow breathing both during setup and during each treatment session. The same immobilization devices as used during the CT simulation were used for daily setup and treatment. Throughout the treatment course, portal images were taken every week and reviewed by the radiation oncologist.
All the patients in both Groups B and C were treated on a linac with respiratory monitoring and gating capabilities (TrueBeamlinac, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). During daily treatments, a respiratory marker block was placed in the same abdominal area as during the CT simulation to measure respiratory motion by infrared cameras. During patient setup, the patient was first positioned by aligning room lasers to the skin marks on the patients and then shifting the couch to move the isocenter to the intended location as in the treatment plan. Then the patient was instructed to take a deep breath and hold the breath when portal images were taken. On the linac console, therapists set upper and lower limits to the breath-hold treatment window based on the recorded breath-hold magnitude during the CT simulation. Therapy beam was turned on for both portal imaging and dose delivery only when the breath-hold magnitude fell within the upper and lower limits of the preset breath-hold treatment window. If the patient could not hold the breath long enough during portal imaging or treatment, the beam would automatically stop when the breath-hold magnitude fell below the lower limit of the treatment window and would resume after the patient took another deep breath to move the breath-hold magnitude back to the treatment window. Portal images were taken every day for patients in Groups B and C, and then the images were reviewed by the radiation oncologist.
All the dosimetric data in this study were retrieved from the clinical database of the TPS. To facilitate data retrieval, an in-house data mining software application was written which extracted dosimetric data in the treatment plans for all the patients in this study. For the heart, the mean dose, median dose, and V25 (the heart volume receiving at least 25 Gy) were extracted and analyzed. For the left lung, the mean dose, median dose, left lung volume, and left lung V20 (the left lung volume receiving at least 20 Gy) were extracted and analyzed. Unpaired t-tests were used to compare dosimetric data between different patient groups.
3. Results
Table 2 lists statistics of dosimetric parameters for the heart in the treatment plans in each group. Unpaired t-tests showed statistically significant difference in the mean heart dose, median heart dose, and heart V25 between Groups A and B and between Groups A and C, respectively. The average mean heart dose in Group B was 1.10 ± 0.29 Gy, which was 58.5% lower compared to the average mean heart dose of 2.65 ± 0.98 Gy in Group A. The average mean heart dose in Group C was 1.26 ± 0.25 Gy, which was 52.5% lower compared to the average mean heart dose in Group A. Figure 1 shows normalized mean heart dose distribution in each patient group. In Group B, less than 5% (5 cases) of the cases showed a mean heart dose higher than 1.5 Gy; in comparison, over 77% (80 cases) of the cases in Group A had a mean heart dose higher than 2.0 Gy. In all the Group B cases the heart V25 was no more than 0.25%. In 85.7% (90 cases) of the cases in Group B, the heart V25 was less than 0.1 cc. For directly comparison, Figure 2(a) shows the average heart DVH for each patient group.
Based on results by Darby et al. [11] , the increased risk of ischemic heart disease due to ionizing radiation was evaluated for each patient group, and the
Table 2. Mean and standard deviations for dosimetric parameters of the heart and increase in ischemic heart disease risk in each patient group.
The p-values are from unpaired t-tests between two patient groups. A − B: The p-value for t-test between Groups A and B; A − C: The p-value for t-test between Groups A and C; B − C: The p-value for t-test between Groups B and C.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Normalized mean heart dose distributions for each group: (a) Group A; (b) Group B (solid lines) and Group C (dashed lines).
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Average dose volume histograms (DVHs) for the heart and the left lung in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. (a) Average DVHs for the heart; (b) Average DVHs for the left lung. Group A: solid curves; Group B: dashed curves; Group C: dotted curves.
results were listed in Table 2. Based on the mean heart dose statistics, there was an average increased risk of 19.6%, 8.1%, and 9.3% for patients in Groups A, B, and C, respectively, with the difference in risks being statistically significant between Groups A and B and between Groups A and C (two-tailed p-value < 0.01 in unpaired t-tests). Compared to ischemic heart disease risks in Group A, there was a 58.5% reduction in risks in Group B when the DIBH technique was implemented, and a 52.6% reduction in risks in Group C even with the use of wide tangential fields.
Table 3 lists statistics of dosimetric parameters for the left lung in each patient group. Figure 2(b) plots the average left lung DVH in each patient group. When the data for both Groups B and C were combined, the average left lung volume for patients using the DIBH technique was 1851 ± 337 cc, indicating an increase of 71.7% compared to the average left lung volume of 1078 ± 290 cc in Group A. Figure 3(a) shows normalized left lung volume distributions in each patient
Table 3. Mean and standard deviations of left lung volume and dosimetric parameters in each patient group in this study.
cc: cubic centimeter. The p-values are from unpaired t-tests between two patient groups. A − B: The p-value for t-test between Groups A and B; A − C: The p-value for t-test between Groups A and C.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Left lung volume (a) and the mean left lung dose (b) distributions in the three groups: Group A (solid lines), Group B (dashed lines), and Group C (dotted lines).
group. Despite significant increase in left lung volume, the average mean left lung dose in Group B was 5.93 ± 1.55 Gy, slightly higher than the average mean left lung dose of 5.73 ± 1.86 Gy in Group A with no statistical significance. On the other hand, the average mean left lung dose was 9.13 ± 1.57 Gy in Group C, significantly higher than those in Groups A and B due to the use of wide tangential fields. Figure 3(b) shows normalized mean left lung dose distributions in each patient group. There was no statistically significant difference in relative left lung V20 between Groups A and B: 8.8% ± 3.7% in Group A and 9.3% ± 3.2% in Group B.
4. Discussions
In the US, one out of eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime [16] . Adjuvant post-operative RT can significantly reduce disease recurrence rate but is associated with an increase in mortality due to hear disease and lung cancer, potentially negating the cancer-specific survival benefit [2] [5] [6] . This study used longitudinal clinical data to evaluate clinically achievable reduction of heart dose and ischemic heart disease risks with the implementation of the DIBH technique, as well as the clinical impact on left lung dose. Compared to pre-clinical dosimetric evaluation studies on the DIBH technique in the literature, this study demonstrated clinically achieved benefits of the DIBH technique with clinical data over a six-year period.
Among the different endpoints reported in published studies on radiation-induced heart toxicities, ischemic heart disease is responsible for increased mortality [11] . Based on normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) modeling, heart V25 was estimated to correlate with cardiac mortality [17] [18] . This study found that when the DIBH technique was used, heart V25 was low even for patients treated with wide tangential fields for IMN (Table 2), indicating minimal cardiac mortality based on NTCP modeling. Darby et al. carried out a population-based study in 2168 patients and found that the increased risk of ischemic heart diseased increased linearly with the mean dose to the heart, with no apparent threshold [11] . Based on this linear model, the increased risk for ischemic heart disease for patients using the DIBH technique was less than half of that for patients treated without the DIBH technique (Table 2). This risk reduction will have significant long-term benefit to breast cancer patients.
In post-operative external-beam RT of breast cancer, acute effects to the lung include radiation pneumonitis, while chronic and late effects include tissue fibrosis and radiation-induced secondary lung cancer [6] [7] . Mild and moderate radiation pneumonitis occurs in up to 20% of patients, although severe radiation pneumonitis seldom happens [7] . Since the lung is one of the organs that are most sensitive to radiation-induced secondary cancer risks [19] [20] , an increased lung cancer rate may offset survival benefits from post-operative RT for breast cancer patients [6] . It is therefore imperative to limit lung dose during RT in the thoracic region. The lung V20 and mean lung dose (MLD) are two most commonly used dosimetric parameters in evaluating lung toxicity risks [21] . Since the right lung volume is typically larger than the left lung volume, the total lung V20 and the total MLD are expected to be less than half of those for the left lung as presented for each patient group in Table 3. As shown in Table 3, there was no significant difference in either relative V20 for the left lung or the mean left lung dose between Groups A and B. Based on secondary lung cancer occurrence models [22] [23] [24] , using the DIBH technique would not significantly increase lung cancer risks during external-beam RT for left-sided breast cancer.
Irradiation of IMN nodes has been a controversial practice in post-operative radiotherapy of breast cancer as the rate of IMN recurrence is low and there is concern of increased cardiac and pulmonary toxicities. As recent studies demonstrated survival benefits of regional lymph node irradiation [25] [26] , the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Breast Cancer Clinical Practice Guidelines raised the level of recommendation for IMN irradiation in 2016 [27] . As a result, more breast cancer patients receive IMN irradiation in post-operative radiotherapy in recent years. Since a larger normal tissue volume is irradiated with wide tangent fields, the use of the DIBH technique could be especially beneficialin sparing critical organs when wide tangent fields are used to cover the IMN [28] [29] . In our patient group, the inclusion of IMN in tangential field treatments with the DIBH technique still gave a 52.6% reduction in the average mean heart dose compared to patients treated without the DIBH technique. Despite the use of wide tangential fields, the total MLD and total lung V20 for Group C patients were estimated to be well within recommended dose limits [21] [30] [31] .
Respiratory gating in RT is now a mature technology. Besides using marker blocks in the abdominal region, the DIBH technique can also be implemented with the surface-guided radiotherapy (SGRT) technique [32] [33] . Based on our clinical experience, the respiratory gating technique can be implemented in the clinic without requiring excessive resource and staffing. Given the significant benefits in heart toxicity reduction, the DIBH technique is recommended in post-operative external-beam RT of left-sided breast cancer.
5. Conclusion
Based on longitudinal clinical data from a single institution, this study showed that implementation of the DIBH technique significantly lowered heart dose and decreased ischemic heart disease risk. The DIBH technique did not significantly increase lung toxicity when the IMN was not irradiated. The DIBH technique is recommended in post-operative external-beam radiotherapy of left-sided breast cancer.