The Trifold Universe

Henry Gu Cao, Zhiliang Cao

Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1104292                

Abstract

This paper studies a new concept called universal folding. The visible universe is the result of a complex invisible folding series. There are three major folds (Trifold): from the Plank length, to the radius of an electron, and finally, to the radius of universe. Each of the three-major folds follows the same folding formula. Our findings help us understand the grand architecture of the universe. The ideal average human height, city block size, city size, diameter of the continents, the diameter of the Sun, the distance between the Earth and the Sun, the radius of the solar system, the radius of the Milky Way galaxy, the average diameter of the filament of the universe, and the radius of the universe are important resonance lengths in the formula. This paper helps scientists study everything from a new angle and become aware of the architectural design of the universe.

Keywords

Cosmic Ray, Black Hole, Astronomy, Dark Matter, Gravity, Unified Field Theory

1. Introduction

The Plank length, diameter of the electron, and size of the universe are three important constants. The three constants are inter-related. The numerical relationships of these three constants are very interesting. They are the experimental base for the paper.

The Plank Length is the smallest length among three constants. To simplify the study, instead of Plank Length, Torque Grid size is used as the unit of measurement. There are two constants as follow:

The size of electron:

$r_e=1.0390872\times {\text{π}}^2\times {137}^9/2^{1/2}$ (1)

The size of the universe:

$r_u=\left(137\times r_e^3\right)/\left(1.0397\times \text{π}\right)$ (2)

Based on the Equations (1)-(2), the number 137 is an important factor. The number 137 happens to be the number of twisting steps of the election [1] [2] . The above formula indicates that the Torque Grid itself is the result of 137-step twist movements as well. Furthermore, the paper establishes following model:

The world is built on the freedom of three dimensional movements [2] . The freedom of the movements creates the fundamental building block. 137 steps [1] [2] complete a twisting cycle in three-dimensional space. This is the basic unit of space-time as a result of the movements. In Unified Field Theory [1] - [13] , the building block is called the Torque Grid.

The Torque Grid twisting movement continues because a twisting movement is an open system. The end of the movements is the starting point of the next block. The movements continue. When the twisting movements complete a cycle, the inward/outward movement is one step. 137-step twisting cycle creates a new unit:

$137\times 137\times 137\times \cdots$

Basic three-dimensional concepts include the line, circle, cube and sphere. The folding has to deal with the line and cycle on top of 137 twisting steps. Topologically, the circular features are reflected factors of π and 2^1/2. The folding continues to form the electron as Equation (1).

Imaging that an electron is a line, $r_e^3$ forms a cube:

$r_e^3$

The electron cube twists 173 times more to have strong forces; the straight length is the size of universe as Equation (2).

Now, the above model provides explanation of the numerical relationships of the Plank length, diameter of the electron, and size of the universe.

The paper will draw additional details of the universe as it continues the interesting predictions.

2. Results

2.1. Folding of Electron

The Torque Grids line up in a 137-unit straight line, then $137\times 137$ square, next $137\times 137\times 137$ cube (Figure 1).

The above folding model (Figure 1) is the 1^st level folding. The folding (table 1) repeats as follow:

2.2. Electron size Black Hole Core and the Universe

In the previous chapter, the electron energy can be folded into a cube with height of 137³ Torque Grid size. The cube occupied and distorted space (table 2).

Figure 1. Folding model.

Table 1. Electron folding.

Note: for a sphere, surface twisting steps: π ´ 1.0390872; Torque Grid size: D = 2.2856509 × 10⁻³⁵ m; The radius of an electron: $r_e=1.0390872\times {\text{π}}^2\times {137}^9/2^{1/2}D=2.81794\times {10}^{-15}\text{m}$ .

Table 2. Blackhole and universe folding.

Electron folding ends the sub-atomic level [11] - [26] folding. Next folding level uses electron size as its unit. The folding unit changes with the context as it is relative to the current folding structure.

The total steps in the above formula is the size of the universe:

$r_u=1.03845\times 1.0390872\times \left(137\times \text{π}\times {\left(\text{π}\times {137}^9/2^{1/2}\right)}^3\right)\text{π}D=60\text{BLY}$ (3)

In the later chapter, the Black Hole (BH) core mass has the following formula:

$\left(1.03845\times 137\times {\left(\text{π}\times {137}^6\right)}^{3/2}\right)\times m_e$ (4)

where, m_e is mass of an electron.

2.3. Galaxy Filament

Based on folding formula Equation (3), the next substructure size:

$60\text{BLY}/\left(\text{π}\times 137\times 1.03845\right)=134\text{MLY}$ (5)

The average galaxy filament void’s diameter is 134MLY.

When multiple void spheres with the same diameter form a dense structure, face central crystal (FCC) is one of the understandable configurations.

Two pairs of interacting particles are arranged in the following (Figure 2) [27] [28] manner:

Figure 2. Galaxy filament.

2.4. Resonance Length and Human

Humans have different heights and live in villages/cities in different shapes and sizes. The folding of the universe is a physics principle, not societal. Even though average human height has changed over the millennia, this paper proposes a specific human height as the “ideal” height derived from universal folding. In other words, the “ideal” height is an equilibrium height even though variations exist in reality. Everything varies, such as size of continent, size of the cities, …

What can the physics figures do? Physics provides reference numbers to guide our practices in urban planning and future predictions.

The resonance length of:

$\text{π}/2^{1/2}\times {137}^9\times \text{π}/2^{1/2}\times {137}^9\times \text{π}/2^{1/2}\times 137\times D=9922.1\text{km}$ (6)

The circumference of the earth:

$40.075\text{km}=4.04\times 9922.1\text{km}$ (7)

The factor 4 represents equatorial division of the world: America continent, Europe/African, Asia/Australia, and Pacific Ocean.

The land divisions are Asia, Australia, Europe, Africa, North America, and South America. The future world may be united, while six major regions may still exist.

The resonance length of:

$\text{π}/2^{1/2}\times {137}^9\times \text{π}/2^{1/2}\times {137}^9\times \text{π}/2^{1/2}\times D=72.424\text{km}=45\text{miles}$ (8)

An ideal city size can be 45 miles.

The resonance length of:

$\text{π}/2^{1/2}\times {137}^9\times \text{π}/2^{1/2}\times {137}^8\times D=237.974\text{m}$ (9)

In square shape, it occupies 14 acres. It is the ideal city block size.

The resonance length of:

$\text{π}/2^{1/2}\times {137}^9\times \text{π}/2^{1/2}\times {137}^7\times D=1.737\text{m}=5\text{feet}8.3871\text{in}$ (10)

Ideal average height of the human.

2.5. Folding Table

See Table 3.

Table 3. Folding table.

Note: In the above folding table, Torque Grid size is unit.

2.6. Particle Folding

Electrons have a gravitational mass wave length resonance, energy charged distortion resonance, and energy folding resonance. Electron energy becomes a particle folding unit, while the size of the electron becomes the particle size.

The electron has a single Torque Grid line. Similar to an electron, a fundamental wave [3] in a particle has a single Torque Grid line as well.

A proton has the following folding formula:

$\left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)\times \left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)+\left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)\times \left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)+\left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)+2\times 3$ (11)

Since $\text{2}\times \text{3}$ and $\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}$ are stable energy interaction formations. They are both fundamental waves [3] and each has single Torque Grid line. The distorted Torque Grids in each line have different formations. The fundamental wave $\text{2}\times \text{3}$ has a plate formation inside the grid, while $\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}$ has a cube formation instead.

The Torque Grid within $\left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)\times \left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)$ line has a cube formation as well. $\left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)$ cube builds on top of $\left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)$ cube.

In [3] , proton has three axes, $\left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)\times \left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)$ , $\left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)\times \left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)$ , and $\left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)$ .

When a neutron and a proton interact, the third axis becomes $\text{2}\times \text{2}\times \text{4}$ as the wave factor “2” interacts between two particles (proton and neutron) and the Torque lines in the particle center is wrapped with “2” wave as well:

$\left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)\times \left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)+\text{2}\times \text{2}\times \text{4}+\text{2}\times \text{3}$ (12)

Helium:

$4\times \left(2{\left(2\times 3\times 5\right)}^2+2\times 2\times 4+2\times 3\right)+2\times 3$ (13)

Omitting the axes structural components, ${\left(\text{2}\times \text{3}\times \text{5}\right)}^2$ and $\text{2}\times \text{2}\times \text{4}$ , the main structural components [3,4] are (table 4).

3. Calculations

3.1. Size of Electron

Size of electron:

$r_e=2.81794\times {10}^{-15}\text{m}$ (14)

Table 4. Particle folding table.

Torque Grid size:

$D=2.2856509\times {10}^{-35}\text{m}$ (15)

The formula calculates the exact size of the electron,

$\left(1.039087\times {\text{π}}^2\times {137}^9/2^{1/2}\right)\times 2.2856509\times {10}^{-35}=2.81794\times {10}^{-15}\text{m}$ (16)

3.2. Composition of the Core in Black Hole

A Black Hole (BH) follows the following equation:

$M=\left(1/2\right)R{C}^2/G$ (17)

The mass of the BH when the radius is same as the proton,

$\begin{array}{c}M=0.5\times 0.86325\times {10}^{-15}\times {\left(2.99752458\times {10}^8\right)}^2/6.67808\times {10}^{-11}\\ =5.8074\times {10}^{11}\text{kg}\end{array}$ (18)

The mass of electron is:

$9.10938356\times {10}^{-31}$ (19)

In unit of electron mass:

$M=6.3752\times {10}^{41}=1.03845\times 137\times {\left(\text{π}\times {137}^6\right)}^3/2$ (20)

3.3. Physics Constants

Charged energy causes one Torque Grid twisting distortion at the surface of the electron. Based on the previous chapters, for given Torque Grid size D, the radius of electron:

$r_e=1.0390872\times {\text{π}}^2\times {137}^9/2^{1/2}D$ (21)

Inside the radius of electron,

$\left(1.03845\times 137\times {\left(\text{π}\times {137}^6\right)}^{3/2}\right)$ (22)

Times electron mass (me) will create distortion of r_e. Since,

$M=\left(1/2\right)R{C}^2/G$ (23)

Therefore,

$\begin{array}{l}G=\left(1/2\right)R{C}^2/M\\ =\left(1/2\right)\left(1.0390872\times {\text{π}}^2\times {137}^9/2^{1/2}\right)D{C}^2/\left(1.03845\times 137\times {\left(\text{π}\times {137}^6\right)}^{3/2}\right)\times m_e\\ =1.0006136D{C}^2/\text{π}\times {137}^{10}\times 2^{1/2}\times m_e\end{array}$ (24)

The above equation can calculate the Gravitational Constant. Equation,

$D={\left(Gh/\text{π}{c}^3\right)}^{1/2}$ (25)

$h=D^2\times \text{π}{c}^3/G$ (26)

Can calculated Planck Constant.

Since energy is defined as twisting distortion of the space, following is relationship between distortion, mass, and force:

$F=m{c}^2\times \left(\text{d}D/\text{d}s\right)$ (27)

All the fundamental Physics constants can be calculated with the above equations.

4. Discussion

4.1. Folding Model

The folding is evident in the electron-sized blackhole where the space is completely filled in with distorted Torque Grids in a hierarchical structure (Figure 1):

Lined up Grid cube forms a line

Rows of lines form a square sheet

Layers of square sheets form a cube

Lined up cube form a line

…

When the above folding process, from cube to cube, repeats three times, a balanced cube A ( $137\times 137\times 137$ ) is formed. The unfolded cube A stretches to the size of the electron ( ${\text{137}}^{\text{3}}\times {\text{137}}^{\text{3}}\times {\text{137}}^{\text{3}}$ ). For an electron, the distorted Torque Grid does not fold. The Torque Grids line up to form the electron. When each Grid 137 times, it forms a strong force distortion.

Use cube A as base cube, and repeat cube to cube folding six-times, a balanced cube B ( ${\text{137}}^{\text{3}}\times {\text{137}}^{\text{3}}\times {\text{137}}^{\text{3}}$ ) is formed. When each grid is strong force distortion, the cube B becomes $137\times {137}^3\times {137}^3\times {137}^3$ . The cube B fills up the space of electron, and the unfolded cube B stretches to the size of the universe ( $137\times {137}^9\times {137}^9\times {137}^9$ ). The mass of cube B blackhole makes itself blackhole.

4.2. Human and Physics Constants

Between the size of the electron and size of the visible universe, not everything is folded like blackhole. Even though the paper uses extreme blackhole case to demonstrate the reasoning of the folding model, the folding model is not yet validated via a physical device. The paper finds something that is familiar to everyone to demonstrate the folding model. The theoretical human height is in the folding table. It means that inside of the electron size blackhole, the human height is associated with a stable folding structure. The precision of the folding model predictions will convince the readers. It is impossible to explain everything using a simple folding model. Therefore, try not to do that.

The theoretical human height can be calculated using a physics equation gives everyone an answer and additional questions. It demonstrates that the folding model has direct impact on human society. The proposed model suggests that the invisible hand of the folding model does shape human life and the destiny of humanity. We are free to disagree, but these predictions made by my models will inevitably reveal the equilibrium that humanity is marching towards.

4.3. Unexplained Constants

In the formula of the universe folding steps:

$1.03845\times 1.0390872\times \left(137\times \text{π}\times {\left(\text{π}\times {137}^9/2^{1/2}\right)}^3\right)\text{π}$ (28)

The constant 1.03845 and 1.0390872 are not fully explained. Further research may yield answers to this issue.

Notice that approximately,

$1.03845=27/26$ (29)

It is possible that the above formula has some special meaning.

In the formula of Gravitational constant:

$G=1.0006136D{C}^2/\text{π}\times {137}^{10}\times 2^{1/2}\times m_e$ (30)

The constant

$1.0006136=1+1/1629.72$ (31)

The constant is close to one. On the first look, it is not very attractive. Giving explanation to the above constant will surely bring progress to the theory this paper proposes.

5. Conclusions

The numerical relationships of the three constants, Planck Length, diameter of the electron, and size of the universe, provide important insights.

Based on the calculation results, the paper proposes a universal folding model that explains how the universe is built.

There is no smallest building block in the universe. To simplify the study, the model starts with the building block called Torque Grid as result of random movements. As the movements continue outward/inward, the building blocks are connected by the movements. The connections/pilings are in form of line, circle, cube, and sphere. The paper simply models the formation as “folding” structure.

The numerical ratios of the three constants predict that the Torque Grids are folded into an electron. Next, the electrons are folded into particle and universe. The major folding points are: Human Height, Length of a City Block, the Diameter of a City, Diameter of a Continent, Diameter of the Sun, Distance from the Sun to Earth, Diameter of the Solar System, Diameter of a Galaxy, Diameter of a Galaxy filament, and Diameter of the Universe.

Even though there is no standard human height, the predicted “ideal” height for human is a physics constant.

As more physicists begin to understand the meaning the universal folding, more useful predictions will be made.

Acknowledgements

Mark L. Trainer thanks for revising the paper and be a loyal reader.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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