DNA Markers for Selection of Late Blight Resistant Potato Breeding Lines

Abstract

Potato late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most devastating diseases in the agricultural sector around the world. Many genes (R genes) conferring resistance to late blight have been identified in various potato species and most of these R genes have been used in potato breeding. The aim of this study was to develop and validate PCR-based assays for the R genes Rpi-blb1, Rpi-blb2, Rpi-blb3 and Rpi-bt1, to distinguish between late blight resistant and late blight susceptible potato progeny in the given breeding background. A total of 100 breeding progeny were screened for the presence of these R genes and tested for resistance against P. infestans mating type A2, genotype US-8 strain, using detached leaf and tuber rot assays. PCR products for the Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1 resistance genes were identified in the resistant progeny but were absent in the susceptible ones; therefore these PCR assays could differentiate between late blight resistant and susceptible plants. Genotypic data from the DNA markers derived from the Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1 genes was found to correlate with the phenotypic data for foliar late blight but not with data for tuber rot. Our results demonstrate that markers derived from these two R genes could be useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS) for foliar late blight resistance in potato breeding programs.

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Chen, S. , Borza, T. , Byun, B. , Coffin, R. , Coffin, J. , Peters, R. and Wang-Pruski, G. (2017) DNA Markers for Selection of Late Blight Resistant Potato Breeding Lines. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 8, 1197-1209. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2017.86079.

1. Introduction

Late blight, caused by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is the most destructive disease of cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). This pathogen is a diploid, heterothallic fungus-like oomycete with two mating types (A1 and A2). Severe losses have occurred due to late blight of potato in the agricultural sector in North America [1] and worldwide [2] if fungicides are not used for its control during the growing season. Moreover, new, more aggressive strains of P. infestans can be generated by sexual recombination when both mating types are present in a production area. The common A2 mating type, genotype US-8 strain that was predominantly found in Atlantic Canada in the past ten years has been recently replaced by new A1 mating types, including genotype US-23 and US-24 strains [3] . The occurrence of new strains adds new challenges to potato disease management, because of the potential risk that the new strains will show increased pathogenicity and resistance to currently used fungicides.

Breeding broad-spectrum disease resistance (R) genes into potato cultivars is the best approach to protect potato crops from late blight. Eleven R genes, named R1 - R11 identified from wild Mexican hexaploid species Solanum demissum (2n = 6x = 72), have been introgressed in different potato cultivars in the previous century [4] . However, P. infestans was able to overcome the resistance conferred by these R genes [5] . Breeding programs have also used resistance genes derived from other wild species, such as S. bulbocastanum (2n = 2x = 24) which contains several R genes [6] . Rpi-blb1 gene, also known as RB gene, is located on chromosome 8 and was found to confer broad spectrum resistance against P. infestans when introduced into potatoes [7] [8] . A total of 63 resistance genes to P. infestans have been identified from various Solanum species and more than 25 have been localized on the potato genome map [9] and cloned [10] . The majority of R genes contain Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and nucleotide binding site (NBS) domains and are able to specifically recognize cytoplasmic effectors of the pathogen [11] .

The efficiency of potato breeding for late blight resistance can be improved with the help of molecular markers tightly linked to the resistance genes [12] [13] . To date, QTL for late blight resistance have been reported on almost every potato chromosome and in many cases the same region of the genome also contains clusters of resistance R genes [14] , thus R genes are candidates for the QTL effect. The “candidate gene approach” enables the identification of DNA markers highly useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in potato breeding. The goal of the present study was to 1) test and develop DNA markers to distinguish between late blight resistant and susceptible plants; 2) use these markers to screen the breeding progeny, and 3) correlate genotypic results with phenotype data, obtained from detached leaf infection and tuber rot infection assays, to confirm the PCR-based screening results. Such information contributes to the development of more reliable screening methods for potato breeding programs focused on the development of late blight resistance.

2. Materials and Methods

This study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, several PCR-based assays for four potato R genes conferring resistance to late blight were either tested or developed. In the second phase, the DNA markers for these R genes, generated by PCR, were used to screen the resistant lines in a breeding population, and resistance was confirmed by detached leaf infection assay and tuber rot analysis.

2.1. Primer Design and Selection

In this study, four P. infestans resistance genes named Rpi-blb1 [8] , Rpi-blb2 [15] , Rpi-blb3 [16] and Rpi-bt1 [17] were used based on prior publications. Based on the DNA sequences of the four candidate genes, a total of 24 gene- specific primer pairs were selected; 15 primers were based on publications [6] [8] [15] [16] [18] [19] and 9 primers were designed in our laboratory using Primer3 online tool (http://biotools.umassmed.edu/bioapps/primer3_www.cgi). The primer pairs used to amplify the four resistance R genes are listed in Table 1.

2.2. Plant Materials

The parental clones examined in these experiments were F02005, F02006, Prospect and PR90-50-32. F02005 and F02006 parental clones are resistant to P. infestans and were developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Prospect and PR90-50-32 are susceptible to P. infestans and were developed by Privar Farm Inc., Prince Edward Island. PR90-50-32 is a sibling of the variety Prospect that was selected from a cross between Shepody and Russette [20] . The resistant parents F02005 and F02006 were descended from J101K27 which was derived from a cross between J101 and Katahdin (provided by Dr. John Helgeson, Madison, WI). J101 (6x) was developed from a somatic fusion between S. bulbocastanum (2x) and S. tuberosum (4x). S. bulbocastanum is a wild potato variety that is resistant to P. infestans and was likely a source of the resistance genes [6] . Genomic DNA from the four parental clones was used to verify the PCR-based markers (Table 1). After the PCR approach confirmed that these DNA markers are strongly associated with resistance to late blight, they were further tested in 9 selected progeny that have been shown to be resistant to P. infestans US-8 strain. The PCR markers were finally used to screen 100 progeny from the cross between F02005 and PR90-50-32. The breeding parents and the 9 selected clones resistant to late blight were grown in the experimental field of Privar Farms, in Prince Edward Island, while the 100 progeny were grown in a greenhouse, on the Agricultural Campus of Dalhousie University.

2.3. Genomic DNA Extraction and PCR

DNA was extracted from frozen leaves using the CTAB plant genomic extractionmethod as described [21] . PCR amplification reactions were carried out in 25 µL reaction mixture containing 1 x Crimson Taq Reaction Buffer, 200 µM of each dNTP, 200 nM primers, 100 ng of template DNA and 0.025 U Crimson Taq

Table 1. PCR primer pairs designed to detect four R genes in the potato genome and results obtained using PCR assays of the four parental clones.

+: amplified, −: not amplified, ND: not determined.

Table 2. DNA marker assisted screening using the primer pair 1 and primer pair 22 for Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1 genes, respectively. When a primer pair generated expected PCR products, the progeny was marked as ‘+’, indicating the presence of the R genes. When a primer pair failed to generate the expected PCR products, the progeny was marked as ‘-’, indicating the absence of the R genes.

+: indicating the presence of the R genes, -: indicating the absence of the R genes.

Table 3. DNA marker assisted screening (presence or absence of Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1 genes) of 100 progeny and subsequent detached leaf assay.

polymerase (New England Biolabs, Pickering, Ontario, CA). Thermocycling program was conducted in a Bio-Rad iCycler Thermal Cycler at 95˚C for 30 s as the initial denaturation step, 30 cycles at 95˚C for 30 s, at 55˚C for 30 s, at 68˚C for 1 min followed by a final extension step at 68˚C for 5 min. Amplified PCR products were detected on a 0.8% agarose gel stained in 1 x Tris-acetate EDTA buffer with GelRed (Biotium™, Hayward, CA) and visualized on a UV transilluminator.

2.4. Detached Leaf Infection Assay and Tuber Infection Assay

The true seeds of the 100 progeny from the F02005 and PR90-50-32 cross were planted in growth chambers for mini tuber production. Mini tubers were then planted in a greenhouse using a cycle of 16 h of light at 24˚C followed by 8 h of dark at 16˚C with 6 h/d photoperiod (100 µm∙m−1∙s−1) and leaves from these plants were used for the detached leaf infection assay. The tubers harvested at the end of the growing season were used for tuber rot evaluation. Detached leaf infection assay [22] was performed for all 100 individuals using P. infestans mating type A2, genotype US-8. Each leaf was placed in a Petri dish (15 cm in diameter) and inoculated with approximately 50,000 sporangia, applied on both sides of the leaf. One leaf was used for each clone and assessment of infection was done 4 and 7 days post infection (DPI). In the tuber rot experiment, a total of 316 tubers from 81 progeny were tested for resistance to tuber rot caused by P. infestans. The other 19 progeny did not produce tubers. The number of tubers analyzed from each clone varied from 1 to 6 with an average number of 3.9 tubers per progeny.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Identification of PCR Markers for the R Genes

Twenty-four gene-specific primer pairs were selected or designed to determine whether the four candidate R genes, Rpi-blb1, Rpi-blb2, Rpi-blb3 and Rpi-bt1, were present or absent in the resistant (R) clones F02005 and F02006 and the susceptible (S) clones Prospect and PR90-50-32 (Table 1). PCR products for the Rpi-blb1 gene, amplified using primers 1, 3, 4 and 8 showed clear polymorphism between the R and S clones. The primer pairs 22, 23 and 24 for the Rpi-bt1 gene also showed polymorphic PCR patterns between the R and S clones (Table 1). In terms of the Rpi-blb2 and Rpi-blb3 genes, the PCR results obtained from all the primer pairs (10-21, Table 1) did not show any polymorphism between the R and S clones. The results of PCR amplification for all four genes in resistant (R) and susceptible (S) clones using the 24 gene-specific primers are summarized in Table 1.

Based on these results, we can conclude that the Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1 genes are responsible for the resistance to P. infestans in the F02005 and F02006 parental plants, therefore, these polymorphic PCR products could be used as DNA markers to distinguish R progeny from S progeny generated by breeding these parental plants. Two of these seven PCR primer pairs (Markers 1 and 22, Table 1) were selected to amplify the two R genes (Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1) in all subsequent studies.

The primer sequences for these two R genes are:

Primer pair 1: F 5’- AACCTGTATGGCAGTGGCATG-3’; R 5’- GTCAGAAAAGGGCACTCGTG-3’ [18] ; Primer pair 22: F 5’- CTACATGGCTGTCATTCACT-3’;

R 5’- CATAGGGCAACATTTAATCTC-3’.

These two PCR markers were further validated by using the 4 parents and the 9 offspring that showed moderate resistance to late blight based on previous pathogen infection experiments (Table 2). Specific bands of 820 bp and 729 bp were identified using Marker 1 and Marker 22, respectively, in the resistant parents; these bands were absent in susceptible clones. The example of the PCR products using Marker 1 in an agarose gel is shown in Supplementary Figure S1. The DNA markers generated using these primer pairs accurately detected the four parents (Table 2). From the 9 progeny tested, 7 of them (Samples 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13) contained the two R genes, and are shown as ‘+’ in Table 2. Two progeny, samples 6 and 7, tested negative for the presence of the two R genes in their genome (shown as ‘−’ in Table 2). Therefore, these two progeny that were initially screened as resistant in the late blight infection experiment may have resistance to late blight conferred by other R genes not characterized so far in S. bulbocastanum.

3.2. Screening a Breeding Population Using the PCR Markers

A total of 100 progeny from the cross between F02005 (R) and PR90-50-32 (S) were evaluated for the presence or absence of the two R genes. Marker 1 and 22 were used and PCR was performed for all of the 100 progeny (Supplementary Figure S2). Based on the PCR results, these 100 progeny were categorized into three groups. The first group of 45 progeny contained both genes, the second group of 6 progeny contained only the Rpi-bt1 gene, while in the remaining 49 progeny, both genes were absent (Table 3). Table 3 lists the clone numbers in each of the three groups. In order to determine which progeny in these three groups possessed resistance to late blight, detached leaf infection and tuber infection assays were carried out.

3.3. Detached Leaf Infection Assay

The detached leaf infection assay was performed for all 100 samples. Infection results from 4 DPI and 7 DPI were quantified in two ways: 1) the percentage of infected foliar area (examples of leaves at 4 and 7 DPI are shown in Figure 1); 2) the percentage of foliar area covered with sporangiophores and sporangia (data not shown). As shown in Table 3, 39 out of the 45 clones in Group 1, that tested positive for both Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1 genes, were found to be resistant to late blight. A total of 11 clones showed moderate resistance (leaf lesions were visible 7 DPI) to late blight. Of these 11 clones, 6 were from Group 2, thereby possessing only the Rpi-bt1 gene. All 49 clones that tested negative in the PCR assays, indicating that both Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1 genes were missing from their genomes (Group 3), were found to be susceptible to late blight. It is worth mentioning that at 7 DPI, only 22 resistant individuals from the 45 clones in Group 1 showed no sporangial production on their leaves. These individuals were considered to be extremely resistant to late blight.

3.4. Tuber Rot Analysis

Previous studies using various potato varieties have shown that the expression of R genes may be different in leaves and tubers [23] [24] . The presence of major

Figure 1. Evaluation of detached leaf assay 4 and 7 days after inoculation with P. infestans sporangia. a) Clone 9 a resistant phenotype that possessed both genes (Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1); b) clone 47 showing moderate resistance, where lesions were visible at 7 DPI; c) clone 1 in which both genes were absent showing a susceptible phenotype.

resistance (R) genes has been shown to increase resistance to foliar late blight infection in many potato cultivars [6] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [25] [26] . To assess this relationship in the breeding progeny analyzed in this study, the levels of resistance to tuber rot were also evaluated. From the 100 progeny grown under greenhouse conditions, 81 progeny generated a total of 316 tubers. These tubers were subsequently used for tuber rot analysis. Disease severity was assessed 20 DPI. Based on tuber infection severity, the 81 progeny were divided into three groups: Group 1 contained 14 clones that were highly resistant to late blight (disease severity < 20%). Of these 14 clones, 10 contained both genes and were resistant to late blight in leaves. The other 4 clones did not possess either of the two genes analyzed. Their tuber resistance to late blight must come from other genetic factors. Group 2 contained 18 clones that showed medium resistance to late blight (disease severity between 20% - 50%). Of these 18 clones, only one clone possessed both genes associated with foliar late blight resistance. Group 3 contained the rest of the 49 clones that showed high susceptibility to tuber rot (disease severity > 50%). Among the 49 susceptible clones, 24 clones possessed both R genes, 3 clones had only Rpi-bt1 gene while 22 clones tested negative in the gene specific PCR assays. These results suggest that the Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1 genes do not confer significant resistance to tuber rot and, therefore, are not suitable as DNA markers for assessing tuber resistance against P. infestans.

The two R genes from the resistant parent F02005 segregated in the progeny with roughly half (45) of the individuals carrying both the Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1 genes. Among the 45 clones, 10 of them, having both R genes, showed strong resistance to late blight in leaves and tubers. A small number of individuals (6) had only one of the markers. Since these clones showed various levels of susceptibility to late blight in both leaves and in tubers, we can assume that the presence of both genes is required for a clone to possess high levels of resistance to late blight. The need for multiple potato R genes to achieve strong resistance against several strains of P. infestans was suggested or demonstrated in several other studies [6] [26] [27] [28] .

Correlation analyses between foliar late blight and tuber rot did not reveal a strong correlation among the three groups (data not shown). This suggests that the R genes from S. bulbocastanum confer resistance against P. infestans in leaves but not in tubers. Halterman et al. [29] using several transgenic cultivars transformed with Rpi-blb1 (or RB gene) also reported that all transgenic lines had high levels of foliar resistance against P. infestans, but the tubers did not exhibit such traits. A possible explanation for these findings is that the expression of Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1 in tubers is not high enough to provide adequate resistance against P. infestans. Indeed, it has been shown, in many cultivars, that resistance to late blight can be different in different parts of the plant, including leaf, stem and tubers [28] [30] [31] . Also, while some studies suggested that some R genes in potato have the ability to confer both foliar and tuber resistance [32] [33] [34] [35] , other studies suggested the opposite [36] [37] . Clearly, as mentioned before, multiple R genes are essential for strong and durable resistance against late blight and this can be achieved only by obtaining, through classic breeding or by transgenic approaches, potato cultivars that harbor three or more such R genes [6] [26] [27] [28] .

In conclusion, this study showed that resistant parental lines derived from S. bulbocastanum that were used in the breeding program possessed in their genome the Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1 genes which were transmitted to roughly half of the resulting progeny. These genes conferred good resistance against foliar late blight but not against tuber rot. The DNA markers derived from Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-bt1 genes were found to be useful to select breeding lines exhibiting resistance against P. infestans in potato leaves.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from Privar Farm Inc. and the scholarship from the Chinese Scholar Council and Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University provided to Shaohua Chen as a visiting graduate student.

Supplementary Figure

Figure S1. Agarose gel electrophoresis showing the PCR products of Marker 1 BLB1F/BLB1R.1R and 2R are the resistant parents of F02005, F02006; 3S and 4S are the susceptible parents of Prospect and PR90-50-32. M is a DNA ladder (New England Biolabs).

Figure S2. PCR products using Marker 1 (BLB1F/BLB1R) and Marker 22 (BT1F/BT1R) of 100 progeny tested on 0.8% agarose gels. Specific bands of 820 bp and 729 bp were identified using Marker 1 and Marker 22, respectively. P: Positive control (a resistant parent), N1 and N: Negative controls (a susceptible parent), N2: Negative control (ddH2O).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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