Home > Journals > Biomedical & Life Sciences | Business & Economics > OALibJ

Utilization of Modern Contraceptives for Family Planning in Urban Setting: Kitunda Ward of Ilala Municipal, Dar-es-Salaam City, Tanzania

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1102025   PDF   HTML   XML   971 Downloads   1,633 Views   Citations

Abstract

Background: Tanzania is one of countries with low rate (34%) on utilization of contraceptives when compared with developed and other developing countries. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the current use of contraceptives among women of reproductive age (15 - 49 years) in urban areas as case study, and evaluate barriers on utilization of contraceptives at Kitunda ward, Ilala Municipal, Dar-es-Salaam city. Study Design: The study was a cross-sectional study. Three hundred women of reproductive age (15 - 49 years) were interviewed using structured questionnaires for data collection. Two research assistants assisted researchers to interview the sampled child bearing age women. Data Analysis: The collected data were entered in a computer and were analyzed using EPI Info software version 6.0. Results: A total of 300 women were interviewed; 71.9% were of age ranged 18 - 35 years; and 50.5% had secondary and college education. The prevalence of contraceptive use was 70%, and injectables ranked first (30.8%) followed by pills (27.7%). Other contraceptive methods used were calendar, rhythm and condoms. Socio-demographic characteristics of women were found to associate with contraceptive use. The most common barriers on utilization of the contraceptives reported include disruption in menstrual cycle, headache, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. It is recommended that there should be an agent need of increasing knowledge by seminar on utilization of all types of contraceptives that spells the usefulness and possible side effects like to occur to users of contraceptives and where to seek health services when such problems occur. This will help users of contraceptive users to have an informed choice which is contraceptive to use for family planning. Above all traditional herbs used for FP should be scientifically studied on their safety and efficacy. They may provide an alternative to present contraceptives that have shown to have side effects.

Share and Cite:

Kessy, I. and Kayombo, E. (2015) Utilization of Modern Contraceptives for Family Planning in Urban Setting: Kitunda Ward of Ilala Municipal, Dar-es-Salaam City, Tanzania. Open Access Library Journal, 2, 1-12. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1102025.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) (2010) National Bureau of Statistics and Planning.
[2] UFPA (2005) Family Planning and Poverty Reduction Benefits for Families and Nations.
http://www.unfpa.org/rh/planning/mediakit/docs/new_docs/sheet4-english.pdf
[3] Creanga, A.A., Gillespie, D., Karklins, S. and Tsui, A.O. (2011) Low Use of Contraception among Poor Women in Africa: An Equity Issue. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89, 258-266.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.10.083329
[4] Cleland John, G., Ndugwa, R.P. and Zulu, E.M. (2011) Family Planning in Sub-Saharan Africa: Progress or Stagnation? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89, 137-143.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.10.077925
[5] Vanzo, D.J. and Admson, D.M. (1998) Family Planning in Developing Countries. An Unfinished Success Story.
http://www.rand.org/pubs/issue_papers/IP176/index2.html
[6] Mosby (2012) Mosby’s Medical Dictionary. 9th Edition eBook 9780323112581.
[7] WHO, USAID and Johns Hopkins (2012) Family Planning: Global Handbook for Providers. World Health Organization, USAID and Johns Hopkins University.
http://www.unfpa.org/public/publications/pid/397
[8] Caroline, C. (2014) The History of Contraception.
http://carolinecollard.hubpages.com/hub/The-History-of-Contraception
[9] Lesthaeghe, R., Ohadike, P.O., Kocher, J. and Page, H.J. (1981) Child Spacing and Fertility in Sub Saharan Africa: An Overview of Issues. In: Page, H.J., Ed., Child Spacing in Tropical Africa: Traditions and Change, Academy Press, London, 3-22.
[10] Gray, R.H. (1981) Birth Interval, Postpartum Sexual Abstinence and Child Health. In: Page, H.J., Ed., Child Spacing in Tropical Africa: Traditions and Change, Academy Press, London, 3-22.
[11] Arkutu, A. (1995) Family Planning and Child Spacing. In: Arkutu, AA., Ed., Health Women, Health Mothers: An Information Guide, Chap. 17, 2nd Edition, Family Care International, New York.
[12] Swantz, M.L. (1966) Religious and Magical Rites of Bantu Women in Tanzania. Academic Thesis, Helsinki.
http://www.iberlibro.com/Religious-Magical-Rites-Bantu-Women-Tanzania/883108300/bd
[13] Liamputtong, P. (2007) Childrearing and Infant Care Issues: A Cross Cultural Perspective. In: Liamputtong, P., Ed., Childrearing and Infant Care Issues: A Cross Cultural Perspective, Nova Science Publishers, New York, 3-29.
[14] Moni, N. (1985) Some Cultural Factors Affecting Costs of Fertility Regulation. Population Bulletin of the United Nations, No. 17, 17-38.
[15] Ezeh, P.J. (2007) Kinship and Childrearing in Two African Societies: A Comparative Investigation of the Orring and the Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria. In: Liamputtong, P., Ed., Childrearing and Infant Care Issues: A Cross Cultural Perspective, Nova Science Publishers, New York, 31-46.
[16] Kayombo, E.J., Afwork, W. and Prinz, A. (1997) Missing Component in Family. Planning in Tanzania. In: Ethnotherapien Therapeutische Konzept im Kurtvergleich. Curare Sondernband, 14/1997, 61-67.
[17] Kayombo, E.J. (1997) Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) and Maternal Health Care in Tanzania. In: Kalipen, E. and Thiuri, P., Eds., Issues and Perspectives on Health Care in Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa by Studies in Africa Health and Medicine, Vol. 8, The Edwin Mellen Press, Lewston, Queenston, Lampeter, 288-305.
[18] Zeus, S. Herbal Contraception.
http://www.sisterzeus.com/HContra.htm
[19] Sarah (2012) Natural Birth Control Using Herbs.
http://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/natural-birth-control-using-herbs/
[20] Bongaart, J. (2011) Can Family Planning Programs Reduce High Desired Family Size in Sub-Saharan Africa? International Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37, 209-216.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/3720911
[21] State of World Population.
http://www.worldpopulationstatistics.com/world-population-2014/
[22] Ahlburg, D.A., Kelley, A.C. and Mason, K.O. (1996) The Impact of Population Growth on Well-Being in Developing Countries. Springer, New York.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03239-8
[23] Trang, P.N. (2011) Effect of Population Growth in Asian Developing Countries. Bachelor Thesis in Economics, Malardelen University, Vestaras.
[24] The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. The National Family Planning Costed Implementation Program, 2010-2015. Updated 2013.
[25] Mungure, E. and Owaga, P. (2014) Family Planning in Tanzania: A Review of National and District Policies and Budgets. DSW, Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevoelkerung, Dar-es-Salaam.
[26] UNFPA (2010) Donor Support for Contraceptives and Condoms for STI/HIV Prevention.
http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/publications/pid/6479
[27] UNFPA (2005) Family Planning and Povert Reduction Benefits for Families and Nations.
http://www.unfpa.org/rh/planning/mediakit/docs/new_docs/sheet4-english.pdf
[28] UNFPA and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India (2005) Contraceptive Updates. Reference Manual for Doctors.
http://countryoffice.unfpa.org/india/?publications=362
[29] National Population Census (2012) National Bureau of Statistics and Planning.
[30] Yamane, T. (1967) Statistics. An Introductory Analysis. 2nd Edition, Harper and Row, New York.
[31] Sawsan, M.A. (2012) Barriers to Contraceptives, Geneva Foundation for Medical Educational and Research (GFMER).
http://www.slideshare.net/sawsanmust/barriers-to-contraceptive-use
[32] Seiber, E.E., Bertrand, J.N. and Sullivan, T.M. (2007) Changes in Contraceptive Method Mix in Developing Countries. International Family Planning Perspectives, 33, 117-123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/3311707
[33] Swartz, L. (2002) Fertility and the Current South African Issues of Poverty, HIV/AIDS and Youth. A Paper Presented at the Conference in Expert Group Meeting on Completing the Fertility Transition, Organized by Department of Social Development, South Africa and Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, 24 October 2002.
[34] UNFPA (2014) Reducing Risk by Offering Contraceptives.
http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/mothers/pid/4382
[35] Williamson, L.M., Parkes, A., Wight, D., Petticrew, M. and Hart, G.J. (2009).Limits to Modern Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research. Reproductive Health, 6, 3.
http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/6/1/3
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-6-3
[36] Gilliam, M.L., Warden, M., Goldstein, C. and Tapia, B. (2004) Concerns about Contraceptive Side Effects among Young Latinas: A Focus-Group Approach. Contraception, 70, 299-305.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2004.04.013
[37] Oddens, B.J., Visser, A.P., Vemer, H.M., Everaerd, W.T. and Lehert, P. (1994) Contraceptive Use and Attitudes in Great Britain. Contraception, 49, 73-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(94)90110-4
[38] Tolley, E., Loza, S., Kafafi, L. and Cummings, S. (2005) The Impact of Menstrual Side Effects on Contraceptive Discontinuation: Findings from a Longitudinal Study in Cairo, Egypt. International Family Planning Perspectives, 31, 15-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/3101505
[39] Yourcontraception.com Side Effects of Injectable Contraception.
http://www.yourcontraception.com/birth-control-methods/injectables/side-effects-of-injectable-contraception.html
[40] Medical Keywords Side Effects of Injectable Contraceptives.
http://medicalkeywords.com/contraception/side_effects_of.asp
[41] Kahlenborn, C., Modugno, F., Potter, D.M. and Severs, W.B. (2006) Oral Contraceptive Use as a Risk Factor for Premenopausal Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 81, 1290-1302.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/81.10.1290
[42] Veljković, M. and Veljković, S. (2010) The Risk of Breast Cervical, Endometrial and Ovarian Cancer in Oral Contraceptive Users. Medicinski Pregled, 63, 657-661.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1010657v
[43] Casey, P.M., Cerhan, J.R. and Pruthi, S. (2008) Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Breast Cancer. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 83, 86-91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/83.1.86
[44] Iodice, S., Barile, M., Rotmensz, N., Feroce, I., Bonanni, B., Radice, P., Bernard, L., Maisonneuve, P. and Gandini, S. (2010) Oral Contraceptive Use and Breast or Ovarian Cancer Risk in BRCA1/2 Carriers: A Meta-Analysis. European Journal of Cancer, 46, 2275-2284.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.018
[45] Gaffield, M.E., Culwell, K.R. and Ravi, A. (2009) Oral Contraceptives and Family History of Breast Cancer. Contraception, 80, 372-380.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2009.04.010

  
comments powered by Disqus
OALibJ Subscription
E-Mail Alert
OALibJ Most popular papers
Publication Ethics & OA Statement
OALibJ News
Frequently Asked Questions
Recommend to Peers
Recommend to Library
Contact Us

Copyright © 2020 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.