The Epidemiology of Adenovirus Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Hospitalized Children in Hangzhou City, China

Qi Zheng¹, Meiping Lu^1,2*, Wei Li³

¹Department of Respiratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
²Department of Rheumatology Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
³Department of Pediatrics, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, China.

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1100777                

Abstract

This study was performed to investigate the epidemiology of adenovirus related acute lower respiratory tract infection in children through a large sample collection. Totally 76,518 patients admitted to Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine were investigated from July 2006 to June 2012. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected and examined by immunofluorescence assay to confirm viral etiology. There were 479 patients positive for adenovirus (6.3‰) and pneumonia accounted for most of these patients. The median age of adenovirus infected was 16 months and peaked at the second six-month of life. Winter, spring and summer had the similar positive rate, while autumn had the lowest occurrence rate. The detection rates of adenovirus on each spring from 2007 to 2012 were 18.01‰, 5.73‰, 11.85‰, 6.35‰, 11.77‰ and 2.66‰, respectively, which indicated a prevalence appearing once every two years.

Keywords

Adenovirus, Respiratory Infection, Epidemiology

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Larranaga, C., Kajon, A. and Avendano, L.F. (2000) Hospital-Acquired Adenovirus 7 h Infantile Respiratory Infection in Chile. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 19, 527-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200006000-00007
[2]	Edwards, K.M., Thompson, J., Paolini, J. and Wright, P.F. (1985) Adenovirus Infections in Young Children. Pediatrics, 76, 420-424.
[3]	Uhnoo, I., Svensson, L. and Wadell, G. (1990) Enteric Adenoviruses. Baillière’s Clinical Gastroenterology, 4, 627-642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-3528(90)90053-J
[4]	Delacourt, C. (2007) Sequelae of Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children. La Revue du Praticien, 57, 1919-1922.
[5]	Munoz, F.M., Piedra, P.A. and Demmler, G.J. (1998) Disseminated Adenovirus Disease in Immunocompromised and Immunocompetent Children. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 27, 1194-1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514978
[6]	Louie, J.K., Kajon, A.E. and Holodniy, M. (2008) Severe Pneumonia Due to Adenovirus Serotype 14: A New Respiratory Threat. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 46, 421-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/525261
[7]	Guerrier, G., Goyet, S. and Chheng, E.T. (2012) Acute Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Cambodian Children: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 32, e8-e13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31826fd40d
[8]	Khamis, F.A., Al-Kobaisi, M.F. and Al-Areimi, W.S. (2012) Epidemiology of Respiratory Virus Infections among Infants and Young Children Admitted to Hospital in Oman. Journal of Medical Virology, 84, 1323-1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23330
[9]	Kliegman, R.M., Stanton, B.F. and St. Geme, J.W. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th Edition, Part 18, Section 2.
[10]	Endo, R., Ishiguro, N. and Kikuta, H. (2007) Seroepidemiology of Human Bocavirus in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 3218-3223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02140-06
[11]	Henquell, C., Boeuf, B. and Mirand, A. (2009) Fatal Adenovirus Infection in a Neonate and Transmission to Health-Care Workers. Journal of Clinical Virology, 45, 345-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2009.04.019
[12]	Faden, H., Wilby, M. and Hainer, Z.D. (2011) Pediatric Adenovirus Infection: Relationship of Clinical Spectrum, Seasonal Distribution, and Serotype. Clinical Pediatrics, 50, 483-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922810392775
[13]	Munoz, F.M., Piedra, P.A. and Demmler, G.J. (1998) Disseminated Adenovirus Disease in Immunocompromised and Immunocompetent Children. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 27, 1194-1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514978
[14]	Weigl, J.A., Puppe, W. and Meyer, C.U. (2005) RSV-Prevention in Children Guided by a Web-Based Early Warning System. Klinische Pädiatrie, 217, 47-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-836246
[15]	Weigl, J.A., Puppe, W. and Meyer, C.U. (2007) Ten Years’ Experience with Year-Round Active Surveillance of up to 19 Respiratory Pathogens in Children. European Journal of Pediatrics, 166, 957-966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-007-0496-x
[16]	Shaman, J. and Kohn, M. (2009) Absolute Humidity Modulates Influenza Survival, Transmission, and Seasonality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 3243-3248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806852106
[17]	Welliver, R. (2009) The Relationship of Meteorological Conditions to the Epidemic Activity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 10, 6-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1526-0542(09)70004-1
[18]	Loh, T.P., Lai, F.Y.L. and Tan, E.S. (2011) Correlations between Clinical Illness, Respiratory Virus Infections and Climate Factors in a Tropical Paediatric Population. Epidemiology Infection, 139, 1884-1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268810002955
[19]	du Prel, J.-B., Puppe, W. and Grondahl, B. (2009) Are Meteorological Parameters Associated with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections? Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49, 861-868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/605435