Pattern of Uncomplicated Malaria Treatment and Antimalarial Prescription Practices among Health Workers in the Littoral Region of Cameroon: An Assessment of Ten Years Post-Malaria Treatment Policy Change ()
Received 8 April 2016; accepted 20 June 2016; published 23 June 2016
1. Introduction
Malaria is a life threatening parasitic disease leading to an estimate 584,000 deaths in 2013, the WHO African Region owing the heaviest burden with an estimated 90% of all malaria deaths worldwide, and children aged under 5 years old accounting for 78% of all deaths [1] [2] . The disease is due to erythrocyte inhabiting parasites of the genus Plasmodium, and infected subjects may develop different clinical stages ranging from asymptomatic, to uncomplicated or/and finally to severe malaria. The disease is mostly endemic in Africa, America and Asia where an estimated 3.2 billion people are at risk of infection, and 1.2 billion are at high risk of getting malaria in a year [1] .
Since the early 1990s, the occurrence of Plasmodium chemoresistant strains to the cheapest and widely available antimalarial monotherapies becomes a major obstacle to treatment of malaria in endemic countries. Plasmodium chemoresistant strains occurred to almost all monotherapeutic antimalarial drugs [3] [4] in Thailand in 1957 then increasingly spread from East to West, towards South-Eastern Asia and reached sub-Saharan African countries in the years 1970s [4] [5] . This outbreak of Plasmodium chemoresistant to monotherapies contributed to a worldwide increase in malaria-related mortality, particularly dramatic in sub-Saharan Africa as few affordable alternatives were available. Drug pressure was identified as one of the key factors for the emergence and spread of resistance through the extensive use and misuse of antimalarial drugs. Incorrect uses of drugs probably lead to the selection of resistant parasites which became particularly evident during the Global Malaria Eradication campaign, launched by World Health Organization (WHO) in 1955.
Regarding the rapid widespread of this chemoresistance in malaria endemic countries, medical experts joined to WHO and recommended in 2001 the implementation of artemisinine-based combinations therapies (ACTs) as first line treatment for a better management of uncomplicated malaria in infected patients as a radical replacement of monotherapies [6] . Since then, antimalarial monotherapies were no more recommended for first line treatment of uncomplicated malaria in malaria endemic countries with high chemoresistance, and ACTs became the main hope for current uncomplicated malaria treatment because of their effectiveness for the treatment of multidrug-resistant P. falciparum infections. ACTs was demonstrated in many studies to have higher and sustainable parasitological cure rates over monotherapies thus reducing therapeutic failure rates including P. falciparum resistant strains in sub-Sahara Africa malaria endemic countries compared to monotherapies [7] - [10] . Furthermore, ACTs have demonstrated effective on gametocytes thus limiting much more transmission [11] - [13] . The T3 initiative: Test-Treat-Track was another step forward WHO guidelines on malaria management set in order to prevent another occurrence of chemoresistance to ACTs. The T3 initiative recommends for suspected malaria case, a laboratory confirmation prior to specific treatment; then a follow-up of treated subject should be implemented until cure [14] . Thus a key success of the new treatment policy depends on the adherence of health workers to the guidelines followed by the compliance of patients with the recommended treatment schemes.
Correct implementation of the new treatment policy may not be rapidly and well translated in health workers if they are not well informed or they do not comply with the new treatment recommendations. Quality prescriptions by health workers is therefore a main key factor since its influence the outcomes of resistant strains control therefore influencing the national public health disease control policy.
Cameroon switched to ACTs for first line treatment of mild malaria in 2004 and selected up-to-date the following therapeutic options: artesunate-amodiaquine combination (AS + AQ), artemether-lumefantrine (AL), artesunate-mefloquine (AS + MQ), dihydroartemisnine-piperaquine phosphate (DHA + PP), dihydroartemisinine-piperaquine phosphate-trimethoprime (DHA + PP + Trim) [15] - [18] . Quinine, intramuscular use of artemether or intravascular use of artesunate was recommended only for management of severe malaria in Cameroon [6] [15] .
This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate knowledge and practices of prescribers concerning management of mild malaria in government health facilities, and treatment practices with special reference to ACTs prescription in leaflets received in recommended pharmacies in the Littoral region of Cameroon 10 years after the country opted to ACTs for first line treatment of mild malaria.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Period and Place
This was a cross-sectional study undergone from 2013 to 2014 in 10 health facilities selected in the four main divisions of the Littoral region in Cameroon, and in 17 pharmacies situated in the 5 subdivisions of Douala town.
Health facilities used in this study were the 2 reference hospitals of the Littoral region namely the Douala General Hospital and the Douala Laquintinie Hospital, the 2 regional hospitals of the Littoral region namely Edea and Nkongsamba regional hospitals, 3 district hospitals selected in three administrative divisions and 3 government integrated health centres also selected in three administrative divisions.
The healthcare system in Cameroon is classified as follow according to healthcare performances: reference hospitals, central hospitals and university teaching hospitals lead the healthcare system and are thought to provide high quality healthcare. They are followed by regional hospitals which like the preceding provide high quality healthcare but are often less equipped, unlike reference hospitals have less healthcare specialities and less specialist physicians. Regional hospitals are followed by health district with also high healthcare capacities. Each health has a district hospital which leads and supervises activities of many governmental integrated health centres, private hospitals and clinics.
2.2. Ethics
The study protocol was approved by the Littoral Regional Delegation of public health and the ethic committee of the University of Douala. A health facility or pharmacy was included in the study only after obtaining a written authorization from its director. Therefore, an authorization was sought from the directors of the health facilities and pharmacies through a letter for authorization to undergo the study in the facility sent by the study investigators. For data collection from medical staff or those presenting leaflets in pharmacies, the protocol was explained to them then they were asked for their participation in the study.
2.3. Study Criteria
All permanent medical workers namely physician or nurse encountered in any of the selected health facilities who gave its consent was included in the study. In pharmacies, all ACT-containing medical leaflet presented by any patient or relative was included in the study. The patient or relative should have given its consent before inclusion in the study, thus any subject who refused its consent was not allowed in the study.
Choice of health facilities was made among the three categories of national health stratification namely reference hospitals (RH), district hospitals (DH) and integrated health centres (IHC). For pharmacies, only recommended pharmacies were selected. Hospital pharmacies and road vendors’ pharmacies were also excluded from the study.
2.4. Data Collection
Data collection in health facilities consisted in a questionnaire to be filled by the health worker. This questionnaire sought the name of the health facility and for each participant, its medical qualification, any diagnostic test before anti-malarial drug prescription (health professional presumptive diagnosis or laboratory-confirmed, type of anti-malarial often recommended to patient suffering from uncomplicated malaria, knowledge about the criteria used for dosage (weight or height) for any of the anti-malarial prescribed.
2.4.1. Management Practices Vis-A-Vis Mild Malaria
Data concerning knowledge and practices of prescribers upon management of mild malaria were collected through a tested questionnaire seeking: a) any diagnostic test before anti-malarial prescription; b) anti-malarial types prescribed for management of mild malaria.
2.4.2. Quality Prescriptions of Acts in Medical Leaflets
Data collected from ACTs-containing medical leaflets in pharmacies included age and weight of the patient, the name of ACT prescribed, appropriateness of the treatment dosages namely quantity at each intake and duration of treatment according to manufacturer and the national Public Health ministry guidelines, concomitant medications to the ACT regimen prescribed in the leaflet, name and qualification of the prescriber.
Data were statistically analyzed using Chi square test and difference was considered significant for p < 5%.
3. Results
As indicated in Figure 1, a total 82 medical workers were questioned in 10 health facilities. Also, a total of 503 medical leaflets with ACTs prescriptions were viewed in 17 pharmacies situated in the 5 subdivisions of Douala town.
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Figure 1. Uncomplicated malaria treatment knowledge and practices in 10 health facilities of the Littoral region in Cameroon.
3.1. Knowledge and Practices about Mild Malaria Treatment in Health Facilities
Participants included 80.5% medical doctors and 19.5% nurses. Health facilities in which participants were recruited included 2 reference hospitals, 2 regional hospitals, 3 districts hospitals and 3 integrated health centres. According to data from census, these health facilities had a total of 228 physicians and 529 nurses. 48.5% of medical workers encountered participated in the study.
All medical workers who participated in the study correctly defined mild malaria as feverish patient with or without any symptom in absence of any sign of complicated malaria as defined in WHO criteria. Also, all participants reported having already heard about ACT as the only recommended anti-malarial medications for mild malaria treatment in Cameroon.
3.1.1. Malaria Prescription Trends for Mild Malaria Treatment in Children
As shown in Figure 1, 72.2% participants reported using an ACT for treatment of mild malaria whereas 2.4% and 4.9% reported using quinine or artemether respectively. 19.5% of the participants did not give any answer to this question.
According to qualification of prescribers, 69.7% of medical doctors reported prescribing an ACT for mild malaria management in children, 21.2% of the physicians gave no answer to this question, and 9.1% prescribed either quinine or artemether. Among nurses, 87.5% reported prescribing an ACT, none prescribed quinine or artemether, and 12.5% did not answer this question.
3.1.2. Malaria Prescription Trends for Mild Malaria Treatment in Adult Patients
As indicated in Figure 1, 87.8% of medical workers reported prescribing an ACT for mild malaria management in adult subjects whereas 12.2% reported prescribing quinine or artemether. An ACT was prescribed by 86.4% of physicians and 93.8% of nurses. 13.6% of medical doctors and 6.2% of nurses reported prescribing quinine or artemether for treatment of malaria in adult patients.
The right ACT dosage according either to age or weight was appropriate in 61.7% cases whereas 38.3% of health workers did not answer. Correct treatment duration was given by 83.3% of participants and 16.7% of them gave no answer.
Globally, artesunate-amodiaquine combination was the most frequently prescribed ACT (43.3%) followed by artemether-lumefantrine combination (36.6%). Artesunate-mefloquine or dihydroartemisinine piperaquine pho- sphate combinations were the least recommended by health workers and 16.7% of participants reported prescribing anyone of the ACT listed.
3.1.3. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests before Treatment Prescription
68.3% reported not systematically recommend laboratory results prior to anti-malarial prescription. Among anti-malarial prescribers who systematically prescribed anti-malarial after laboratory results, three mains tests were recorded namely thick blood smear, thin blood smear and malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Thick blood smear was the most frequently recommended by health workers (51.2%), followed by RDT (45.1%) and thin blood smear (4.9%).
3.2. ACTs Quality Prescriptions in Medical Leaflets Received in Pharmacies
As shown in Figure 2 below, a total 503 medical leaflets with ACTs prescriptions were viewed in 17 pharmacies selected in the 5 subdivisions of Douala town. Mean age of patients with an ACT prescription was 18.5 ± 15.5 years (range: 21 days to 69 years). Patients aged at least 14 years and under five years subjects represented 45.5% and 17.3% of the sampled leaflets respectively.
Prescribers were predominantly medical doctors (83.1%). Other ACT prescriptions were given by nurses (10.5%) and laboratory technicians (6.4%).
Five main ACTs as common international denomination (CID) were recorded in leaflets namely Artemether- lumefantrine (AL), Dihydroartemisinine-piperaquine phosphate (DHA + PP), Artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ), Artesunate-mefloquine (AS + MQ), Artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS + SP) and Dihydroartemisinine-piperaquine phosphate-trimethoprime (DHA + PP + Trim).
Three main ACTs presentations were prescribed in leaflets namely blisters or tablets, oral solution and sachets. Tablets forms were most represented (59.8%) and sachets the least frequent form in leaflets (3.6%). Oral solution and water soluble forms were found in 28.6% and 8.0% leaflets respectively.
Adequate ACT quality prescription was recorded in 88.3% medical leaflets and inadequate in 11.7% medical leaflets.
ACTs quality prescriptions varied significantly according to qualification of prescribers (χ2 = 121.2; df2; p < 0.05). Medical doctors had the highest score of adequate ACTs prescriptions (93.1%), whereas laboratory technicians had the lowest score (28.1%). ACTs prescriptions by nurses were adapted in 86.8% leaflets.
As shown in Figure 2, quality of ACTs prescriptions was not statistically different with respect to ACTs (χ2 = 5.1; df5; p > 0.05). Appropriate prescriptions were over 80% irrespective of ACT, mean score of ACTs appropriate prescription recorded in leaflets was 83.3%. Scores of prescriptions quality of recommended ACTs ranged between 81.2% for ASAQ and 94.4% for DHA + PQ + Trimetoprime.
As shown in Figure 2, quality prescription was also significantly influenced by the ACTs presentation (χ2 = 11.5; df3; p = 0.009). Oral solution presentation had the lowest prescription quality score (83.3%) and blisters the form the highest score (92.9%). Sachets forms appropriate prescriptions score in leaflets was 88.9%.
Investigation of prescriptions security indicated that all leaflets had the frequency of treatment but none of indicated the exact hour of the day at which the treatment should be taken by the patient. Age or weight of patients was not mentioned in 91.9% and 97.4% of leaflets respectively.
3.3. Concomitant Medications to ACT Prescriptions
In all leaflets received in pharmacies, ACTs were co-prescribed with at least another but non anti-malarial medication. The most commonly prescribed concomitant medication was an antipyretic alone in 34.4% leaflets, an antibiotic in 21.9% cases, a non steroid anti-inflammatory 19.8% leaflets, vitamins in 18.1% cases. Co-pre- scription with an antipyretic plus either an antibiotic or non steroid anti-inflammatory or vitamin or combination of two or three of the medications was recorded in 73.9% of medical leaflets. None of the associated medication was known to interact with the ACTs prescribed in the corresponding leaflet. Over 14 years old patients were less likely significantly to have an antibiotic and vitamins co-prescription than younger ones.
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Figure 2. Flow chart of ACTs quality prescriptions in leaflets received in pharmacies in Douala town, Cameroon. N = Sample size.
4. Discussion
This study has underlined the knowledge level, practices and quality prescriptions of health practitioners upon treatment of mild malaria in Douala town a decade after changing of therapeutic guidelines towards mild malaria by the national health ministry.
Although the proportion of health workers in the health facilities who were aware of the ACTs exclusive use for uncomplicated malaria management was high, there still a need for more sensitization in health facilities to achieve more adhesion of health practitioners. In the questionnaire filled by health workers in health facilities, some of them still prescribe anti-malarial monotherapies for uncomplicated malaria management. Prescription of the latest anti-malarial monotherapies namely quinine, intravenous artemether or intramuscular artesunate all designed only for severe malaria case treatment may either signify non-acceptance of the changed drug policy or lack of awareness though many training campaigns have been undergone in almost health facilities throughout the national territory. Health practitioners in health facilities reported most commonly recommending ACTs for mild malaria treatment therefore respecting the national and WHO guidelines on uncomplicated malaria management. However, inadequate prescriptions were common in leaflets received in pharmacies as well as in answers to questionnaires recorded among health workers in health facilities. The occurrence of such inadequate prescriptions influence treatment responses and may progressively contribute to outbreak of less responsive Plasmodium parasites to ACT treatment and later to chemo resistant strains. Concomitant medications alongside ACTs prescriptions may be explained either the desire of the prescriber to rapidly clear most symptoms felt by the patients or the by insistence of patients on receiving these concomitant drugs to feel better.
As a limitation of this study, the reasons of persistent prescription of these anti-malarial monotherapies for management of mild malaria in health facilities in the Littoral region of Cameroon were not investigated. Since the inappropriate use of anti-malarial monotherapies in the past was pointed as a key which contributed to decreased drug sensitivities, inappropriate anti-malarial prescriptions need to be completely banned in health facilities and adequate prescription of the right drug for management of mild malaria as indicated in the national guidelines be promoted [15] . Adhesion of all health workers is urgently needed as recent studies indicated occurrence of artemisinine and derivatives P. falciparum resistant strains in Southeast Asia notably in Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar [19] - [21] . Irrational use of artemisinine and its derivatives as monotherapy could negate one of the goals of combination therapy which is to prevent the emergence of drug resistant malaria parasites.
Another interesting finding was prescription in leaflets received in pharmacies of an ACT not recommended in the country national guidelines namely Artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination. In the national guidelines for malaria management, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (sp) is recommended by the Ministry of Public health of Cameroon only for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women [15] . Prescription of artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination for management of mild was therefore inappropriate.
Management of mild malaria need also be appropriate through better adhesion to the T3 initiative guidelines thus limiting presumptive treatment. However, systematic laboratory test for Plasmodium infection confirmation was not often a rule for all questioned health workers, therefore not respecting the T3 initiative guidelines. In fact, WHO recommends that all persons of all ages in all epidemiological settings with suspected malaria should receive a parasitological confirmation of diagnosis by either microscopy or rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and that uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria should be treated with a recommended ACT [6] . Diagnostic testing for malaria is the cornerstone of WHO initiative-T3: Test. Treat. Track-whereby testing of every suspected malaria case ensures appropriate antimalarial treatment and improves malaria surveillance. An awareness amongst the health practitioners in terms of conducting campaigns for effective uncomplicated malaria case management through limitation if not banning of presumptive treatment will certainly contribute to prevent or at least slow down the occurrence of artemisinine-resistant Plasmodium strains in malaria endemic areas.
Despite the fact that ACTs was recommended by an important proportion of health workers questioned in health facilities, inadequate prescriptions are frequent in medical leaflets received in pharmacies. An important proportion of prescribers were unable to answer the questions regarding the drug to be used and dosages for treatment mild malaria treatment. Such unanswered questions may either be related to ignorance or negligence therefore leading to misinterpretation of the related results. The authors of this study suggest that a periodical monitoring of ACTs quality prescriptions is still needed in health facilities for improvement towards high standard ACT prescribing by health workers.
5. Conclusion
The study revealed a persisting prevailing mismanagement of uncomplicated malaria by an important proportion of health workers in the Littoral region of Cameroon despite of availability of national and WHO evide- nced- based guidelines for uncomplicated malaria treatment. Such mismanagement which included persisting prescription of non-recommended anti-malarial drugs, inappropriate dosages of ACTs in leaflets and persisting presumptive malaria treatment called for awareness among the physicians and other health personnel for better management of mild malaria according to national rules through training to prevent or at least slow the occurrence of Plasmodium resistant strains to artemisinine and derivatives in Cameroon.
Acknowledgements
This study received no financial support. The authors are grateful to the health facilities medical staff of and to pharmacists who contributed to achieve our study objectives.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there are no competing interests concerning this study.
Author’s Contributions
TK, EMM, ASE designed the study. TK, EEM, JY, AEP, PCGC, performed data collection. TK, EMM, ASE: supervised data collection and contributed to writing the paper; TK drafted the paper. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.