Maternal dystocia in cows and buffaloes: A Review
Govind Narayan Purohit, Yogesh Barolia, Chandra Shekhar, Pramod Kumar
.
DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2011.12006   PDF    HTML     17,438 Downloads   39,239 Views   Citations

Abstract

The maternal causes of dystocia in cattle and buffaloes are analyzed. Uterine torsion appears to be the most frequent maternal cause of dys-tocia in buffaloes whereas improper cervical dilation appears to be more frequent maternal cause of dystocia in cattle. Failure of uterine expulsive forces (Uterine Inertia) and neo-plasm’s of vagina, vulva and uterus are com-monly seen in cows and buffaloes. The various maternal causes of dystocia in cattle and buf-faloes and their management are described.

Share and Cite:

Purohit, G. , Barolia, Y. , Shekhar, C. and Kumar, P. (2011) Maternal dystocia in cows and buffaloes: A Review. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 1, 41-53. doi: 10.4236/ojas.2011.12006.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Kodagali, S.B. (2003) Notes on applied bovine reproduction. Part II. In: Kodagali S.B. Ed., Bovine Obstetrics. Indian Society for the study of Animal Reproduction Gujarat Chapter Anand, Gujarat, India, 22-67.
[2] Agarwal, S.K. and Tomer, O.S. (1998) Reproductive technologies in buffalo. Indian Vet. Res. Institute, Izatnagar, 10.
[3] Jainudeen, M. R. (1986) Reproduction in the water buffalo. In: Current therapy in Theriogenology. Ed., Morrow DA WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 443-449.
[4] Mody, M., Chauhan, R.A.S. and Shukla, S.P. (2002) Process of parturition in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 23, 141-143.
[5] Ramasamy, M. and Singh, M. (2002) A comparative study on normal and abnormal parturition in Karan Fries Cattle and Murrah buffaloes. National Symposium Repord. Technologies for Augmentation of Fertility in Livestock. Nov. 14-16, IVRI, India. Compendium of Abstracts. Pp. 148-149.
[6] Manju, T.S. and Varma, S.K. (1985) Dystocia in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 6, 54-57.
[7] Phogat, J.B., Bugalia, N.S. and Gupta, S.L. (1992) Incidence and treatment of various forms of dystocia in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 13, 69-70.
[8] Berger, P.J., Cubas, A.C. and Koehler, K.J. (1992) Factors affecting dystocia and early calf mortality in Angus cows and heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 70, 1775-1786.
[9] Mee, J.F. (2008) Prevalance and risk factors for dystocia in dairy cattle. The Veterinary Journal, 176, 93-101. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.032
[10] Zaborski, D., Grzesiak, W., Szatkowska, I., et al. (2009) Factors affecting dystocia in cattle. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44, 540-551. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01123.x
[11] Robert, S.J. (1986) Dystocia: In: Veterinary obstetrics and genital diseases. Ed. Roberts SJ CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 227-236.
[12] Khammas, D.J. and Al-Hamedawi, T.M. (1994) Clinical investigation on bovine dystocia in Iraq. Indian Veterinary Journal, 71, 464-468.
[13] Jackson, P.G.G. (1995) Dystocia in the cow: In: Handbook of veterinary obstetrics. W.B. Saunders Co. Ltd., Philadelphia, 30-69.
[14] Arthur, G.H., Noakes, D.E., Pearson, H., et al. (1996) Maternal dystocia treatment. In: Arthur, G.H. Ed., Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. WB Saunders Philadelphia, Philadelphia
[15] Saxena, O.P., Varshney, A.C., Jadon, N.S., et al. (1989) Surgical management of dystocia in bovine: A clinical study. Indian Veterinary Journal, 66, 562-566.
[16] Nanda, A.S., Brar, P.S. and Prabhakar, S. (2003) Enhancing reproductive performance in dairy buffalo: major constraints and achievements. Reproduction Supplement, 61, 27-36.
[17] Singla, V.K., Gandotra, V.K., Prabhakar, S., et al. (1990) Incidence of various types of dystocias in cows. Indian Veterinary Journal, 67, 283-284.
[18] Sharma, R.D., Dhaliwal, G.S., Prabhakar, S., et al. (1992) Percutaenous fetotomy in management of dystocia in bovines. Indian Veterinary Journal, 69, 443-445.
[19] Singla, V.K. and Sharma, R.D. (1992) Analysis of 188 cases of dystocia in buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal, 69, 563-564.
[20] Youngquist, R.S. (1997) Parturition and dystocia In: Youngquist, R.S., Ed., Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology, WB Saunders Co. Philadelphia, 309-323.
[21] Purohit, G.N. (2006) Maternal causes of dystocia in cows and buffaloes. In: Suresh, S.H., Tandle, M.K. Eds., Veterinary Obstetrics A Practical Guide, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 16-25.
[22] Srinivas, M., Sreenu, M., Lakshmi, R.N., et al. (2007) Studies on dystocia in graded Murrah buffaloes: A retrospective study. Buffalo Bulletin, 26, 40-45.
[23] Gupta, P.P. (1983) Infiltrative transitional-cell carcinoma of urinary bladder in a buffalo. Indian Veterinary Journal, 60, 934.
[24] Gupta, P.P. and Kumar, N. (1986) Dystocia in buffaloes due to carcinoma of urinary bladder. Indian Veterinary Journal, 63, 508-510.
[25] Singh, J., Prasad, B. and Rathore, S.S. (1978) Torsio uteri in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). An anlaysis of 65 cases. Indian Veterinary Journal, 55, 161-165.
[26] Deshmukh, M.J. (1975) Clinical studies on problems of parturition and post parturient reproductive disorders in buffaloes. M.V.Sc. thesis, Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola.
[27] Markandeya, N.M., Pargaonkar, D.R., Panchbhai, V.S., et al. (1991) Vaginal obstruction in a pregnant Holstein Freisian heifer. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 12, 98.
[28] Nair, P.K. and George, V. (1993) A dorsoventral post-cervical band in a parous cross bred cow. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 14, 128.
[29] George, R.S., Balasubramanian, S., Ayyappan, S., et al. (1997) Dystocia due to infantile vulva in a heifer. Indian Veterinary Journal, 74, 620-621.
[30] Balasubramanian, S., Asokan, S.A., Subramanian, A., et al. (1991) Dystocia with vaginal rupture in a heifer. Indian Veterinary Journal, 68, 683-684.
[31] Siddiquee, G.M. (1992) Protrusion of gravid uterus through ruptured vaginal wall in a buffalo: A case report. Indian Veterinary Journal, 69, 255-256.
[32] Dhaliwal, G.S., Prabhakar, S. and Sharma, R.D. (1991) Spontaneous rupture of vagina in buffalo heifers. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 12, 98-101.
[33] Sood, P., Singh, M. and Vasistha, N.K. (2002) Uterine torsion in a goat. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 23, 203.
[34] Bennett, J., Kennel, A. and Stanhope, C.R. (1998) Surgical correction for an aquired vaginal stricture in a llama using a carbon dioxide laser. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 212, 1436-1437.
[35] Omara-Opyene, A.L., Varma, S. and Sayer, P.D. (1985) Cryosurgery of bovine squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Veterinary Record, 117, 518-520. doi:10.1136/vr.117.20.518
[36] Meyers, S.A. and Read, W.K. (1990) Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in a cow. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 198, 1644-1646.
[37] Saiyari, M., Naddaf, H. and Gooraninejad, S. (1994) Leiomyoma in the vagina of a cow. Indian Veterinary Journal, 71, 842-843.
[38] Rama, R.P. and Rajya, B.S. (1976) A note on the neoplasms of the female genital system of buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal, 53, 323-324.
[39] Dhoble, R.L., Singh, M., Gupta, V.K., et al. (1992) Perivaginal granuloma in a buffalo. Indian Veterinary Journal, 69, 845-846.
[40] Balasubramanian, S., Seshagiri, V.N., Subramanian, A., et al. (1991) Vaginal lipoma in a crossbred Jersey cow. Indian Veterinary Journal, 68, 1073-1074.
[41] Dutta, J.C., Lahen, D.K., Bhattacharjee, M., et al. (1987) Fibroleiomyoma of vagina in two Jersey heifers. Indian J ournal of Animal Reproduction, 8, 66-68.
[42] Sharma, G.P., Reddy, V.M., Hafeezuddin, M., et al. (1977) A note on fibroma of cervix in a buffalo cow. Indian Veterinary Journal, 54, 763.
[43] Kohli, I.S. and Bishnoi, B.L. (1980) Pedunculated tumour (Fibroma) of cervix in a Rathi cow. Indian Veterinary Journal, 57, 511.
[44] Ryot, K.D. (2000) Multiple cervical tumours as the cause for recurrent vagino cervical prolapse in a cross bred cow —A case report. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 21, 78.
[45] Sharma, S.S., Bishnoi, B.L. and Purohit, G.N. (2001) A case of cervical pedunculated fibroma durum in a Rathi cow. Veterinary Practitioner, 2, 170-171.
[46] Bakshi, S.A., Panchbhai, V.S., Pargaonkar, D.R., et al. (1986) Fibro adenoma of cervix in a pregnant non-descript cow. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 7, 140-141.
[47] Sidhaye, J. (1982) Cervical fibroleiomyoma in a crossbred cow. Indian Veterinary Journal, 59, 566-567.
[48] Roesti, A. (1986) Fibroleiomyoma of the cervix in a cow. Veterinary Medical Review, 2,198-199.
[49] Pandit, R.K., Nema, S.P. and Garg, U.V. (1990) Successful treatment of cervical fibroleiomyoma in a crossbred cow. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 11, 72-73.
[50] Vasistha, N.K., Sood, P., Singh, M., et al. (2000) Squamous cell carcinoma of cervix in a cow. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 21, 165.
[51] Devanathan, T. G., Asokan, S.A., Rajasundaram, R.C., et al. (2000) A case report of nebothian cyst in a crossbred cow. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 21, 79.
[52] Kumar, N. and Singh, B. (1984) Some neoplasms involving female genitalia of buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal, 61, 185-187.
[53] Paikne, D.L. and Pathak, V.P. (1989) A note on the occurrence of uterine polyps in a Sahiwal cow. Indian Journal Animal Reproduction, 10, 170-171.
[54] Purohit, G.N., Kumar, D., Garg, N., et al. (2004) Successful removal of a fibroma from the uterus of a cow. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 52, 47-50. doi:10.1556/AVet.52.2004.1.5
[55] Samad, H.A., Ali, C.S., Ahmad, K.M.Z., et al. (1994) Reproductive disease of the water buffalo Proc. 10th Int Congr Anim Reprod and AI, Urbana. 4, 14-25.
[56] Ducharme, N.G. and Stem, E.S. (1981) Eversion of urinary bladder in a cow. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 179, 996-998.
[57] Benesch, F. and Wright, J.G. (2001) Veterinary Obstetrics. Greenworld Publishers, India, 75-89.
[58] Sane, C.R., Luktuke, S.N., Deshpande, B.R., et al. (1982) Reproduction in Farm Animals. Varghese Publishing House, Bombay, India.
[59] Kindahl, H. (2000) Endocrine changes in late bovine pregnancy with special emphasis on fetal well being. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 23, 321-328. doi:10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00167-4
[60] Rajabi, M.R., Dean, D.D., Beydoun, S.N., et al. (1988) Elevated tissue levels of collagenase during dilation of uterine cervix in human parturition. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 159, 971-976.
[61] Breeveld, D.V.N., Strujik, P.C., Lotgering, F.K., et al. (2003) Cervical dilation related to uterine electromyographic activity and endocrinological changes during prostaglandin F (2 alpha)—induced parturition in cows. Biology of Reproduction, 68, 536-542.
[62] Mannari, M.N. (1969) Cervical non-dilation in buffaloes. Gujarat Veterinarian, 3, 37-38.
[63] Deshmukh, M.L. and Kaikini, A.S. (1976) Studies on problems of parturition in buffaloes-I. Maternal dystocia. Indian Veterinary Journal, 53, 212-213.
[64] Maul, H., Nagel, S., Welsch, G., et al. (2002) Messenger ribonucleic acid levels of interleukin-1 beta interleukin-6 and interleukin—8 in the lower uterine segment increased significantly at final cervical dilation during terminal parturition, while those of tumour necrosis factor remained unchanged. European Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology, 102, 143-147. doi:10.1016/S0301-2115(01)00606-6
[65] Kemp, B., Menon, R., Fortunato, S.J., et al. (2002) Quantitation and localization of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin—6 and interleukin-8 in the lower uterine segment during cervical dilation. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 19, 215-219. doi:10.1023/A:1015354701668
[66] Das, G.K., Ravinder, K., Deori, S., et al. (2008) Incomplete cervical dialation causing dystocia in a buffalo. Indian Journal of Veterinary Research, 17, 51
[67] Wehrend, A. and Bostedt, H. (2003) The incidence of cervical dystocia and disorders of cervical involution in the post partum cow. Deutsche Tierarzlithe Wochenschrift, 110, 483-486.
[68] Zhang, W.C., Nakao, T., Moriyoshi, M., et al. (1999) Relationship of maternal plasma progesterone and estrone sulfate to dystocia in Holstein Friesian heifers and cows. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 61, 909-913. doi:10.1292/jvms.61.909
[69] Kelly, A.J., Kavanagh, J. and Thomas, J. (2001) Relaxin for cervical ripening and induction of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD 003103.
[70] Kanakapur, D.K., Krishnaswamy, A. and Dubey, B.M. (1999) Studies on some factors influencing treatment and maternal recovery rate in uterine torsion among crossbred dairy cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 20, 31.
[71] Murty, K.K., Prasad, V. and Murty, P.R.K. (1999) Clinical observations on uterine torsion in buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal, 76, 643-645.
[72] Mogha, I.V., Das, S.C. and Bhattacharya, A.R. (1976) Bovine uterine torsion. A case report. Indian Veterinary Journal, 53, 373-376.
[73] Sharma, S.P., Agarwal, K.B.P. and Singh, D.P. (1995) Torsion of gravid uterus and laparohysterotomy in bovine. A report on 72 clinical cases. Indian Veterinary Journal, 74, 1180-1182.
[74] Prasad, S., Rohit, K. and Maurya, S.N. (2000) Efficacy of laparohysterotomy and rolling of dam to treat uterine torsion in buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal, 77, 784-786.
[75] Matharu, S.S. and Prabhakar, S. (2001) Clinical observations and success of treatment of uterine torsion in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 22, 45-48.
[76] Manju, T.S. and Varma, S.K. (1985) Dystocia in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 6, 54-57.
[77] Mathijsen, H.F. and Putker, P.H. (1989) Postpartum torsion of the right uterine horn in a cow. Kijdschr Diergeneeskd, 114, 17-19.
[78] Singla, V.K., Sharma, R.D., Dhaliwal, G.S., et al. (1992) Uterine torsion in cows—an analysis of 34 cases. Indian Veterinary Journal, 69, 281-282.
[79] Roberts, S.J. (2002) Diagnosis and treatment of dystocia. In: Roberts S.J., Ed., Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases, Indian edition CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 274-299.
[80] Prabhakar, S., Singh, P., Nanda, A.S., et al. (1994) Clinico obstetrical observations on uterine torsion in bovines. Indian Veterinary Journal, 71, 822-824.
[81] Purohit G.N. and Mehta J.S. (2006) Dystocia in cattle and buffaloes: A retrospective analysis of 156 cases. Veterinary Practitioner, 7, 31-34.
[82] Penny, C.D. (1999) Uterine torsion of 540o in a mid gestation cow. Veterinary Record, 145.230.
[83] Ruegg, P.L. (1988) Uterine torsion of 720 degrees in a midgestation cow. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 192, 207-208.
[84] Dhaliwal, G.S., Sharma, R.D., Singla, V.K., et al. (1988) Torsion of didelphic uterus in a cow. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 9, 71-72.
[85] Dhaliwal, G.S., Prabhakar, S. and Sharma, R.D. (1989) A note on reoccurrence of uterine torsion in a cow with didelphic uterus. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 10, 171-172.
[86] Biggs, A. and Osborne, R. (2003) Uterine prolapse and mid pregnancy uterine torsion in cows. Veterinary Record, 152, 91-92.
[87] Jadhao, P.T., Markandeya, N.M. and Rautmare, S.S. (1993) Uterine torsion along with haemoperitoneum in a buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 14, 59.
[88] Siddiquee, G.M. and Mehta, B.M. (1992) Uterine torsion in a buffalo with viable twins. Indian Veterinary Journal, 69, 257-258.
[89] Nanda, A.S., Sharma, R.D. and Nowshahari, M.A. (1991) The clinical outcome of different regimes of treatment of uterine torsion in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 12, 197-200.
[90] Ahmed, M., Choudhary, R.A. and Khan, I.H. (1980) Torsion of uterus as a cause of dystocia in the buffalo. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 1, 22-24.
[91] Foud, K. and El-Sawaf, S. (1964) Some observations on torsio-uteri in buffaloes with special reference to its etiological factors. Veterinary Medical Journal Giza, 9, 173-177.
[92] El Naggar, M. (1978) Uterine torsion in buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal, 55, 61-67.
[93] May, J.A. (1950) Torsio uteri. Tierazzt. Umsch 5, 1259-1260.
[94] Pearson, H. (1971) Uterine torsion in cows. Veterinary Record, 89, 597-599. doi:10.1136/vr.89.23.597
[95] Pattabiraman, S.R., Singh, J., Rathore, S.S., et al. (1979) Non surgical method of correction of bovine uterine torsion-A clinical analysis. Indian Veterinary Journal, 56, 424-428.
[96] Nanda, A.S. (1995) Recent advances in animal reproduction and gynaecology. USG Publishers and Distributors, Ludhiana.
[97] Singh, P. (1995) Recent observations on etiology and treatment of uterine torsion in buffaloes. In: Nanda, A.S. Ed., Recent Advances in Animal Reproduction and Gynaeoclogy, USG Publishers and Distributors, Ludhiana, 137-141.
[98] Singh, P., Prabhakar, S., Kochar, H.P., et al. (1995) Uterus didelphus-a cause of torsion of uterus in a buffalo. Indian Veterinary Journal, 72, 172-173.
[99] Singh, P. (1991) Studies on broad ligament in relation to uterine torsion in buffaloes. M.V.Sc Thesis; Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
[100] Singh, P., Sharma, R.D., Saigal, R.P., et al. (1992) Uterine torsion in buffaloes. National symposium on Recent Advances in Clinical Reproduction in Dairy Cattle, Chennai, 45.
[101] Agarwal, R.G. (1987) Some studies on uterine torsion with special reference to its etiology and treatment in buffaloes. Ph.D. Thesis, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
[102] Deori, S., Kumar, R. and Jaglan, P. (2009) Post cervical uterine torsion in a buffalo-a case study. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 30, 85.
[103] Mannari, M.N. and Tadkod, D.M. (1976) Uterine torsion in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 10, 83.
[104] Wright, J.G. (1958) Bovine dystocia. Veterinary Record, 70, 347-356.
[105] Phogat, J.B., Bugalia, N.S., Verma, S.K., et al. (1991) Plasma cholesterol and haemogram in buffaloes affected with uterine torsion. Indian Veterinary Journal, 68, 1048-1052.
[106] Singla, V.K., Sharma, R.D., Gandotra, V.K., et al. (1992) Changes in certain serum biochemical constituents in buffaloes with uterine torsion. Indian Veterinary Journal, 69, 805-807.
[107] Frazer G.S. (1988). Uterine torsion followed by a jejunal incarceration in a partially everted urinary bladder of a cow. Australian Veterinary Journal, 65, 24-25. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14925.x
[108] Matharu, S.S. and Prabhakar, S. (1999) Blood histamine levels in buffaloes after detorsion of uterus and/or caesarean section. Indian Veterinary Journal, 76, 524-526.
[109] Prabhakar, S., Dhaliwal, G.S., Sharma, R.D., et al. (1997) Success of treatment and dam survival in bovines with precervical uterine torsion. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 18, 121-123
[110] Singh, J. and Dhaliwal, G.S. (1998) A retrospective study on survivability and fertility following cesarean section in bovines. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 19,21-23
[111] Arthur, G.H. (1966) Recent advances in bovine obstetrics. Veterinary Record, 79, 630-640. doi:10.1136/vr.79.22.630
[112] Prakash, S. and Nanda, A.S. (1996) Treatment of uterine torsion in buffaloes-modification of Schaffers method. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 17, 33-34.
[113] Singh, P. and Nanda, A.S. (1996) Treatment of uterine torsion in buffaloes. Modification of Schaffer’s method. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 17, 33-34.
[114] Dhaliwal, G.S., Prabhakar, S. and Sharma, R.D. (1993) Torsion of pregnant uterine horn in a cow. A case report. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 14, 129.
[115] Prasad, S., Singh, O.V., Dabas, Y.P.S., et al. (1998) Clinical management of delayed uterine torsions of more than 360° in buffaloes. Case reports. Indian Veterinary Journal, 75, 890-891.
[116] Mandal, P.K., Luthra, R.A. and Arya, S.C. (2002) Histopathological observations on buffalo uterus affected with uterine torsion. National Symposium on Reproductive Technologies for Augmentation of Fertility in Livestock. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Compendium of Abstracts, Bareilly, 14-16 November 2002, 146-147.
[117] Singh, M., Singh, M. and Kumar, V. (1998) Rupture of uterus following uterine torsion in a buffalo-a case report. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 19, 71.
[118] Varshney, A.C., Kumar, A. and Singh, H., et al. (1992) Studies on haematological and biochemical alterations following caesarean section in cows. Indian Veterinary Journal, 69, 632-636.
[119] Riebold, T.W. (2001) Anaesthetic management of cattle. In: Steffy, E.P. Ed., Recent Advances in Anaesthetic Management of Large Domestic Animals., International Veterinary Information Service, Ithaca, (www.ivis.org), A 0603.0201.
[120] Caroll, G.L. and Hartisfield, S.M. (1996) General anaesthetic techniques in ruminants. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 12, 627-661.
[121] Auld, W.C. (1947) Correction of uterine torsion by abdominal ballotment. Veterinary Record, 59, 287.
[122] Pargaonkar, M.D., Tandle, M.K., Goswami, J.D., et al. (1993) Maternal dystocia followed by uterine prolapse in a buffalo. A case report. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 14, 125.
[123] Arthur, G.H. and Jenner, F.H.J. (1969) Uterine rupture in cows. Veterinary Record, 72, 263.
[124] Verma, S.K., Tyagi, R.P.S. and Manohar, M. (1974) Caesarean, section in bovine: A clinical study. Indian Veterinary Journal, 51, 471-479.
[125] Hoque, M. (1991) Rupture of uterus with displacement of fetus into the peritoneal cavity in a cow: A case report. Indian Veterinary Journal, 68, 271-272.
[126] Pearson, H. and Denny, H.R. (1975) Spontaneous uterine rupture in cattle: A review of 26 cases. Veterinary Record, 97, 240-244. doi:10.1136/vr.97.13.240
[127] Rao, A.V.N. and Sreemannarayana, O. (1984) Full term extra uterine pregnancy in a Murrah buffalo cow. Indian Veterinary Journal, 61, 809-810.
[128] Rajasekaran, J., Thangaraj, T.M. and Venkataswami, V. (1991) Extra uterine pregnancy in a cow. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 12, 204

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.